| Using 14C-acetate Pulse-chase Labeling to Study Fatty Acid and Glycerolipid Metabolism in Plant Leaves
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Author:
Date:
2021-02-05
[Abstract] Lipids metabolism is comprised of networks of reactions occurred in different subcellular compartments. Isotopic labeling is a good way to track the transformations and movements of metabolites without perturbing overall cellular metabolism. Fatty acids, the building blocks of membrane lipids and storage triacylglycerols, are synthesized in plastids. The immediate precursor for fatty acid synthesis is acetyl-CoA. Exogenous acetate is rapidly incorporated into fatty acids in leaves and isolated plastids because it can diffuse freely through cellular membranes, enter the plastid where it is rapidly metabolized to acetyl-CoA. Therefore, isotope-labeled acetate is often used as a tracer for the investigation of fatty acid synthesis and complex lipid metabolism in plants and other organisms. ...
[摘要] [摘要]脂质代谢由发生在不同亚细胞区室的反应网络组成。同位素标记是跟踪代谢物的转化和运动的好方法,而不会干扰整个细胞的新陈代谢。发TTY酸,膜脂和存储的构建块的三酰基甘油,在质体中合成的。脂肪酸合成的直接前体是乙酰辅酶A。外源乙酸盐可快速掺入叶片和分离的质体中的脂肪酸中,因为它可以通过细胞膜自由扩散,进入质体,然后迅速代谢成乙酰辅酶A。 因此,同位素标记的乙酸盐通常用作研究植物和其他生物中脂肪酸合成和复杂脂质代谢的示踪剂。同位素标记的基本原理及其最新技术进展已得到综述(Allen等,2015)。本协议描述了使用 的14 C标记的乙酸,以确定的脂肪酸合成和降解速率和跟踪的代谢甘油脂中的叶子。该方法通常被称为醋酸酯脉冲追踪标记法,已被广泛用于探查脂质代谢的各个方面(Allen等,2015),包括自噬在膜脂质更新中的作用(Fan等,2015)。,2019)和脂质与淀粉代谢途径之间的相互作用(Yu et al。,2018)。
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| Dissecting the Rat Mammary Gland: Isolation, Characterization, and Culture of Purified Mammary Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts
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Author:
Date:
2020-11-20
[Abstract] With the advent of CRISPR-Cas and the ability to easily modify the genome of diverse organisms, rat models are being increasingly developed to interrogate the genetic events underlying mammary development and tumorigenesis. Protocols for the isolation and characterization of mammary epithelial cell subpopulations have been thoroughly developed for mouse and human tissues, yet there is an increasing need for rat-specific protocols. To date, there are no standard protocols for isolating rat mammary epithelial subpopulations. Analyzing changes in the rat mammary hierarchy will help us elucidate the molecular events in breast cancer, the cells of origin for breast cancer subtypes, and the impact of the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe several methods developed for 1) rat mammary ...
[摘要] [摘要]随着CRISPR-Cas的出现以及能够轻松修饰各种生物的基因组的能力,越来越多地开发大鼠模型来询问乳腺发育和肿瘤发生的遗传事件。已经为小鼠和人类组织彻底开发了用于分离和表征乳腺上皮细胞亚群的方案,但是对大鼠特异性方案的需求却在不断增长。迄今为止,还没有用于分离大鼠乳腺上皮亚群的标准方案。分析大鼠乳腺层次的变化将有助于我们阐明乳腺癌中的分子事件,乳腺癌亚型的起源细胞以及肿瘤微环境的影响。在这里,我们描述为1)大鼠乳腺上皮细胞分离开发的几种方法;2)大鼠乳腺成纤维细胞分离;3)培养大鼠乳腺上皮细胞;通过4)流式细胞仪分析和鉴定大鼠乳腺细胞;5)免疫荧光。源自该协议的细胞可用于多种目的,包括RNAseq ,药物研究,功能测定,基因/蛋白质表达分析和图像分析。
[背景]大多数与乳腺有关的研究都是在小鼠模型和人体样品中进行的。然而,由于其具有类似于人的药代动力学特征和乳腺发育,该疾病的大鼠模型正变得越来越流行(Russo等人,1990;Jiunn等人,2008; Smalley等人,2016)。像人类腺癌一样,大鼠乳腺癌也经历组织学发展阶段(Russo等,1990; Singh等,2000),并且是卵巢激素依赖性的(Thompson等,1998; ...
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| Observing Nutrient Gradients, Gene Expression and Growth Variation Using the "Yeast Machine" Microfluidic Device
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Author:
Date:
2020-07-05
[Abstract] The natural environment of microbial cells like bacteria and yeast is often a complex community in which growth and internal organization reflect morphogenetic processes and interactions that are dependent on spatial position and time. While most of research is performed in simple homogeneous environments (e.g., bulk liquid cultures), which cannot capture full spatiotemporal community dynamics, studying biofilms or colonies is complex and usually does not give access to the spatiotemporal dynamics at single cell level. Here, we detail a protocol for generation of a microfluidic device, the “yeast machine”, with arrays of long monolayers of yeast colonies to advance the global understanding of how intercellular metabolic interactions affect the internal structure of colonies ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 微生物细胞(如细菌和酵母菌)的自然环境通常是一个复杂的社区,在该社区中,生长和内部组织反映了形态发生过程和相互作用,这些过程和相互作用取决于空间位置和时间。虽然大多数研究是在无法捕获完整时空群落动态的简单同质环境(例如,大量液体培养)中进行的,但研究生物膜或菌落却很复杂,通常无法在单个细胞水平上获得时空动态。在这里,我们详细介绍了一种用于生成微流控设备(“酵母机器”)的协议,该协议带有酵母菌落的长单层阵列,以推进对细胞间代谢相互作用如何影响已定义和可定制的空间尺寸内菌落内部结构的全球了解。以酿酒酵母作为模型酵母系统,我们使用“酵母机器”通过追踪荧光标记的己糖转运蛋白来证明葡萄糖梯度的出现。我们进一步量化了菌落内生长速率的表达空间模式和葡萄糖可利用性调控的其他基因的表达。除此之外,我们显示出氨基酸的梯度也在菌落内形成,潜在地打开了类似的方法来研究许多其他营养物和代谢废物的梯度的时空形成。该方法将来可用于在与生态学和进化有关的单细胞分辨率和时标下,破译其他相同物种或更复杂的多物种系统中的远程代谢相互作用,细胞发育和形态发生之间的相互作用。
[背景 ] ...
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