| Quantification of Protein Kinase A (PKA) Activity by An in vitro Radioactive Assay Using the Mouse Sperm Derived Enzyme
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Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] In order to acquire fertilizing potential, mammalian sperm must undergo a process known as capacitation, which relies on the early activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA). Frequently, PKA activity is assessed in whole-cell experiments by analyzing the phosphorylation status of its substrates in a western-blot. This technique faces two main disadvantages: it is not a direct measure of the kinase activity and it is a time-consuming approach. However, since PKA can be readily obtained from sperm extracts, in vitro assays such as the “radioactive assay” can be performed using the native enzyme. Unlike western-blot, the radioactive assay is a straightforward technique to evaluate PKA activity by quantification of incorporated 32P into a peptidic ...
[摘要] [Abstract]为了获得受精潜能，哺乳动物的精子必须经历一个被称为电容的过程，这个过程依赖于蛋白激酶A（PKA）的早期激活。通常，在全细胞实验中，通过分析其底物在western-blot中的磷酸化状态来评估PKA的活性。这种技术面临着两个主要的缺点：它不是对激酶活性的直接测量，而且是一种耗时的方法。然而，由于PKA可以很容易地从精子提取物中获得，体外检测如"放射性检测"可以使用原生酶进行。与western-blot不同的是，放射性测定法是一种直接的技术，通过将整合的32P定量到肽类底物中来评价PKA的活性。这种方法很容易允许分析PKA的不同激动剂或拮抗剂。由于小鼠精子是可溶性PKA的丰富来源，这种测定法可以进行简单的分馏，使PKA既可用于体外测试药物对PKA活性的影响，也可用于跟踪PKA活性在增容开始时的变化。
[Background] ...
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| An ex vivo Approach to Assess Mitochondrial ROS by Flow Cytometry in AAV-tagged Astrocytes in Adult Mice
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Author:
Date:
2020-03-20
[Abstract] Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are naturally produced signalling molecules extremely relevant for understanding both health- and disease-associated biological processes. The study of mROS in the brain is currently underway to decipher their physiopathological roles and contributions in neurological diseases. Recent advances in this field have highlighted the importance of studying mROS signalling and redox biology at the cellular level. Neurons are especially sensitive to the harmful effects of excess mROS while astrocytic mROS have been shown to play a relevant physiological role in cerebral homeostasis and behaviour. However, given the complexity of the brain, investigating mROS formation in a specific cell-type in adult animals is methodologically challenging. Here we ...
[摘要] [摘要] 线粒体活性氧（mROS ）是天然产生的信号分子，与理解健康和疾病相关的生物过程极为相关。目前正在研究大脑中的mROS ，以了解其在神经疾病中的生理病理作用和贡献。该领域的最新进展凸显了在细胞水平研究mROS 信号传导和氧化还原生物学的重要性。神经元对过量的mROS 的有害作用特别敏感，而星形细胞的mROS对 已经显示出在脑稳态和行为中起相关的生理作用。但是，鉴于大脑的复杂性，研究成年动物中特定细胞类型中mROS的形成在方法上具有挑战性。在这里，我们提出了一种方法来具体评估星形胶质细胞中的mROS 丰度，该方法结合了i ）一种靶向策略，该策略基于在星形胶质细胞（胶质纤维酸性蛋白或GFAP）下表达绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的腺相关病毒（AAV）载体的使用）启动子，以及ii）使用商业探针通过流式细胞术测量mROS 的强大且广泛扩展的方案。这项工作的意义在于，它允许通过易于使用的技术来选择性研究星形细胞mROS的丰度。
[背景 ] 氧化损伤与许多疾病的病因有关，包括神经退行性疾病，因为大脑是氧化应激以及与年龄相关的变化异常脆弱的组织（Cobley 等，2018; Mattson和Arumugam ...
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| HIVGKO: A Tool to Assess HIV-1 Latency Reversal Agents in Human Primary CD4+ T Cells
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Author:
Date:
2018-10-20
[Abstract] While able to suppress HIV replication in HIV infected individuals, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) fails to eliminate viral latent reservoir, which consists in integrated transcriptional silenced HIV provirus. So far, identification of latently-infected cells has relied on activating cells to induce expression of HIV proteins which can then be detected. Unfortunately, this activation significantly changed the cell phenotype. We developed a novel HIV reporter, named HIVGKO, that allows the purification of latently-infected cells in absence of reactivation. Indeed, latent cells can be identified by expression of the EF1a-driven mKO2 and lack of expression of the LTR-driven csGFP. This protocol can be used to study the effectiveness of LRAs (Latency Reversal Agents) in ...
[摘要] 虽然能够抑制HIV感染个体中的HIV复制，但联合抗逆转录病毒疗法（ART）无法消除病毒潜伏性储库，其包含整合的转录沉默的HIV原病毒。 到目前为止，潜伏感染细胞的鉴定依赖于激活细胞以诱导HIV蛋白的表达，然后可以检测到这些蛋白的表达。 不幸的是，这种激活显着改变了细胞表型。 我们开发了一种名为HIV GKO 的新型HIV报告基因，可以在没有再激活的情况下纯化潜伏感染的细胞。 实际上，可以通过EF1a驱动的mKO2的表达和LTR驱动的csGFP的缺乏表达来鉴定潜伏细胞。 该方案可用于研究LCA（潜伏期逆转剂）在原代细胞中重新激活潜伏HIV的有效性。
【背景】新版双标记病毒（HIV GKO ）含有5'LTR中HIV-1启动子控制下的密码子转换eGFP（csGFP）和一种独特的无关荧光蛋白 mKO2在细胞延伸因子αα启动子（EF1α）的控制下。 当使用与遗传相关的荧光蛋白时，由于重组问题，在这些报道分子中使用不相关的荧光蛋白是很重要的。 因此，生产性感染的细胞主要是csGFP + mKO2 + （有些可能只是GFP + ），而潜伏感染的细胞是csGFP - mKO2 + 。 流式细胞仪如分拣机AriaII允许纯化纯感染人群（生产性，潜伏性和/或未感染），而分析仪LSRII允许评估HIV GKO LTR的转录激活。 感染后的时间很短。
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