| Isolation, Purification and Characterization of Exosomes from Fibroblast Cultures of Skeletal Muscle
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Author:
Date:
2020-04-05
[Abstract] Exosomes are dynamic nanovesicles secreted by virtually all cells and are present in all biological fluids. Given their highly heterogeneous content exosomes have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes that they exert by influencing cell-cell and cell-ECM communication. In recent years an increasing number of methods have been established for the purification and characterization of exosomes. These include ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, immune capture and precipitation using a proprietary polymer. Here, we provide a protocol based on differential ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradients tailored for the isolation of crude and ultra-pure exosomes from primary fibroblast cultures derived from adult mouse skeletal ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 外来体是几乎所有细胞分泌的动态纳米囊泡，并存在于所有生物体液中。鉴于它们的异质含量很高，外泌体已牵涉到它们通过影响细胞-细胞和细胞-ECM通讯而发挥的许多生理和病理过程。近年来，已经建立了越来越多的方法外泌体的纯化和表征。其中包括超速离心，超滤，尺寸排阻色谱，免疫捕获和使用专有聚合物的沉淀。在这里，我们提供了基于差分超速离心和蔗糖密度梯度的协议，该协议专门用于从成年小鼠骨骼肌衍生的原代成纤维细胞培养物中分离粗制和超纯外泌体。可以对该协议进行修改和修改，以从各种组织和体液中分离和表征外泌体。
背景 ] ë xosomes是单膜，异质纳米囊泡直径范围从30至150nm，secre 由所有细胞和存在于几乎所有的体液泰德。外泌体中存在的可溶性和膜大分子，mRNA，microRNA的光谱取决于代谢状态以及分泌这些纳米囊泡的细胞的发育起源。由于它们的货物组成，外泌体可以启动接收细胞中的信号传导途径，并参与了发育，免疫和正常组织生理的维持。在神经退行性疾病，纤维化和癌症等疾病条件下，它们被证明可以触发和传播病理刺激（Rackov 等，2018; Gurunathan 等，2019; van de Vlekkert 等，2019）。在这里，我们描述了从成年小鼠腓肠肌（GA）肌肉建立的成纤维细胞培养物中纯化外泌体的方案（van de Vlekkert ...
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| Preparation of Cerebellum Granule Neurons from Mouse or Rat Pups and Evaluation of Clostridial Neurotoxin Activity and Their Inhibitors by Western Blot and Immunohistochemistry
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Author:
Date:
2018-07-05
[Abstract] Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGN) from post-natal rodents have been widely used as a model to study neuronal development, physiology and pathology. CGN cultured in vitro maintain the same features displayed in vivo by mature cerebellar granule cells, including the development of a dense neuritic network, neuronal activity, neurotransmitter release and the expression of neuronal protein markers. Moreover, CGN represent a convenient model for the study of Clostridial Neurotoxins (CNT), most notably known as Tetanus and Botulinum neurotoxins, as they abundantly express both CNT receptors and intraneuronal substrates, i.e., Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptors (SNARE proteins). Here, we describe a protocol for obtaining a highly pure ...
[摘要] 来自产后啮齿动物的小脑颗粒神经元（CGN）已被广泛用作研究神经元发育，生理学和病理学的模型。 CGN体外培养维持成熟小脑颗粒细胞在体内显示的相同特征，包括发育致密的神经炎网络，神经元活动，神经递质释放和神经元的表达 蛋白质标记。 此外，CGN代表了梭菌神经毒素（CNT）研究的便利模型，最着名的是破伤风和肉毒杆菌神经毒素，因为它们大量表达CNT受体和神经元内基质， ie ，可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺 - 敏感因子激活蛋白受体（SNARE蛋白）。 在这里，我们描述了从出生后大鼠/小鼠获得高纯度CGN培养物的方案和用CNT中毒的简便方法。 我们还说明了评估CNT活性及其抑制的方便方法。
【背景】梭菌神经毒素（CNT）的大家族由破伤风神经毒素（TeNT）和肉毒杆菌神经毒素（BoNT）的多种变体形成，它们分别是破伤风和肉毒中毒的神经麻痹毒素（Schiavo et al。，2000; Johnson和Montecucco，2008; Rossetto et al。，2014）。 TeNT，七种BoNT血清型（BoNT / A至/ G）及其许多亚型是金属蛋白酶，通过切割SNARE蛋白（可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子激活蛋白受体），三种必需蛋白质来阻断神经递质的释放而引起神经麻痹。控制突触小泡与突触前质膜的融合（Rossetto et al。，2014; ...
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