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Company: Whatman
Catalog#: 1001-090
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Artificial Inoculation of Epichloë festucae into Lolium perenne, and Visualisation of Endophytic and Epiphyllous Fungal Growth
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Date:
2018-09-05
[Abstract]  Natural hosts for the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae include Festuca rubra (fine fescue) and Festuca trachyphylla (hard fescue). Some strains also form stable associations with Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass). L. perenne is a suitable host to study fungal endophyte–grass interactions, such as endophytic fungal growth within the plant and epiphyllous growth on the plant surface. Here we provide a detailed protocol based on work by, for artificial inoculation of E. festucae into L. perenne, and newly developed staining and visualization techniques for observing endophytic and epiphyllous hyphae and the expressorium, an appressorium-like structure used by the fungus to exit the plant. The staining method uses a combination of ... [摘要]  真菌内生菌Epichloëfestucae的天然宿主包括 Festuca rubra (细羊茅)和 Festuca trachyphylla (硬羊茅)。一些菌株也与黑麦草(多年生黑麦草)形成稳定的关联。 升。 perenne 是研究真菌内生菌 - 草相互作用的合适宿主,例如植物内生真菌生长和植物表面的叶生生长。在这里,我们提供了一个基于工作的详细协议,用于 E的人工接种。 festucae 进入 L. perenne ,以及新开发的染色和可视化技术,用于观察内生和附生的菌丝和表达菌,这是一种类似真菌的结构,用于离开植物。染色方法使用葡聚糖结合苯胺蓝二铵盐(AB)和几丁质结合小麦胚凝集素缀合的Alexa Fluor ® 488-(WGA-AF488)的组合。该协议将是研究Epichloë -grass相互作用的有用工具,特别是不同Epichloë - 草关联,各种内生菌 - 宿主发育阶段的比较,以及分析突变Epichloë菌株。

【背景】Latch和Christensen(1985)开发了一种用Epichloë内生菌人工感染草的方案。这项工作一直是广泛的 E的基础。 festucae Fl1- L. perenne 共生研究(Scott et al。,2012年综述)。在我们最近的工作中,我们描述了一种新发现的真菌结构,即能够实现 E的表达式。 ...

Transmission Electron Microscopy for Analysis of Mitochondria in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Author:
Date:
2018-05-20
[Abstract]  Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the human body and regulates a variety of functions including locomotion and whole-body metabolism. Skeletal muscle has a plethora of mitochondria, the organelles that are essential for aerobic generation of ATP which provides the chemical energy to fuel vital functions such as contraction. The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle and their function decline with normal aging and in various neuromuscular diseases and in catabolic conditions such as cancer, starvation, denervation, and immobilization. Moreover, compromised mitochondrial function is also associated with metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is now clear that maintaining mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle is vital for sustained health ... [摘要]  骨骼肌是人体中含量最丰富的组织,可调节各种功能,包括运动和全身代谢。骨骼肌有很多线粒体,这是ATP好氧生成所必需的细胞器,它提供化学能量来促进收缩等重要功能。骨骼肌中线粒体的数量及其功能随着正常衰老和各种神经肌肉疾病以及癌症,饥饿,去神经支配和固定等分解代谢条件而下降。此外,受损的线粒体功能也与包括2型糖尿病在内的代谢紊乱有关。现在清楚的是维持骨骼肌中的线粒体含量和功能对于整个寿命期间的持续健康是至关重要的。虽然有许多染色方法可用于研究线粒体,但透射电子显微镜(TEM)仍然是研究骨骼肌中线粒体结构和健康的最重要方法。它提供关于线粒体含量,嵴密度,组织,自噬体形成以及在各种疾病状况中经常观察到的任何其他异常的关键信息。在本文中,我们描述了一个详细的协议样本制备和透射电镜分析小鼠骨骼肌线粒体。

【背景】骨骼肌是一种高度塑性的组织,经过响应一些细胞外信号的形态和代谢适应性。包括抵抗或耐力运动在内的许多干扰刺激线粒体生物发生,导致增加的代谢能力和抵抗疲劳(Li等人,2008; Sandri,2008)。相反,在衰老期间,不活动,以及在许多分解代谢疾病状态下,骨骼肌线粒体数量和功能下降,导致易疲劳性和胰岛素抵抗增加(Sandri,2008)。功能失调的线粒体的累积也可能导致进行性活性氧物质诱导的损伤,从而进一步损害骨骼肌中的氧化能力(Bonnard等人,2008)。 ...

D-serine Measurements in Brain Slices or Other Tissue Explants
Author:
Date:
2018-01-20
[Abstract]  D-serine is an atypical amino acid present in the mammalian body (most amino acids in the mammalian body are L-isomers) that is mostly known in neuroscience for its role as a co-agonist controlling the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). D-serine levels are decreased in patients with schizophrenia and this is thought to mediate, at least in part, the hypofunction of NMDARs that is central to the glutamate hypothesis for the etiology of this neuropsychiatric disorder. D-serine detection was first established using high performance liquid chromatography, a costly and complex technique that requires high levels of expertise. But with the increasing interest in this unconventional amino acid, there is an increasing need for easier, cheaper and more accessible detection methods. Here we ... [摘要]  D-丝氨酸是存在于哺乳动物体内的非典型氨基酸(哺乳动物体内的大部分氨基酸是L-异构体),其在神经科学中主要是作为控制N-甲基D-天冬氨酸受体的共激动剂的作用而已知的NMDA受体)。精神分裂症患者的D-丝氨酸水平降低,这被认为至少部分地介导了NMDARs功能减退,这种谷氨酸假说对于这种神经精神障碍的病因至关重要。 D-丝氨酸检测首先使用高效液相色谱法建立,这是一种昂贵且复杂的技术,需要高水平的专业知识。但随着对这种非常规氨基酸的兴趣日益增加,人们越来越需要更容易,更便宜和更容易获得的检测方法。在这里,我们描述了我们在最近的出版物(Papouin等人,2017b)中采用的安培法,基于生物传感器的方法。它可以对新鲜组织的D-丝氨酸水平进行可靠的测量,如急性脑切片,浓度高于100 nM,技术要求最低。

【背景】N-甲基D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)是脑,脊髓和周围神经系统如肠神经元中神经递质谷氨酸的受体。在肾小管细胞和软骨细胞中也有发现。除谷氨酸外,NMDAR的激活需要在专用结合位点上结合共激动剂(Johnson和Ascher,1987; Kleckner和Dingledine,1988)。非常规氨基酸D-丝氨酸是神经系统众多区域中NMDAR的内源性共激动剂(参见Papouin等人,2017a)。在肝脏和肾脏中也可以发现其丰富的降解和排泄(Montesinos ...

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