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Glycine

甘氨酸

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 410225
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Immunogold Electron Microscopy of the Autophagosome Marker LC3
Author:
Date:
2017-12-20
[Abstract]  Even though autophagy was firstly observed by transmission electron microscopy already in the 1950s (reviewed in Eskelinen et al., 2011), nowadays this technique remains one of the most powerful systems to monitor autophagic processes. The autophagosome, an LC3-positive double membrane structures enclosing cellular materials, represents the key organelle in autophagy and its simple visualization and/or numeration allow to draw important conclusions about the autophagic flux. Therefore, the accurate identification of autophagosomes is crucial for a comprehensive and detailed dissection of autophagy. Here we present a simple protocol to identify autophagosomes by transmission electron microscopy coupled to immunogold labeling of LC3 starting from a relatively low cell number, which ... [摘要]  尽管早在20世纪50年代就已经通过透射电子显微镜观察了自噬(在Eskelinen等人2011年的综述中),但是现在这种技术仍然是监测自噬过程的最强大的系统之一。 自噬体是包含细胞物质的LC3阳性双层膜结构,代表了自噬的关键细胞器,其简单的可视化和/或计数允许得出关于自噬流的重要结论。 因此,准确鉴定自噬体对自噬的全面和详细的分析至关重要。 在这里我们提出一个简单的协议,以确定autophagosomes透射电子显微镜耦合LC3的免疫金标记从一个相对较低的细胞数量,我们最近开发遵循病毒介导的人类癌变期间的自噬途径。

【背景】自噬体代表了macroautophagy的关键结构,这是一种细胞胞质成分的分解代谢系统。巨自噬(或简单地自吞噬)由吞噬细胞的形成引发,所述吞噬细胞能够自身扩张吞噬细胞器和蛋白质,所述蛋白质最终闭合在螯合成分周围形成被称为自噬体的细胞器。接下来,在成熟过程中,自噬体可以与溶酶体融合以形成自溶酶体,其中被捕获的物质被位于溶酶体限制性膜中的泵降解并再循环回(Glick et al。,2010)。

由于自噬功能障碍与各种人类疾病,病毒感染,神经退行性疾病,免疫功能和癌症有关(Schneider and ...

Optogenetic Mapping of Synaptic Connections in Mouse Brain Slices to Define the Functional Connectome of Identified Neuronal Populations
Author:
Date:
2017-01-05
[Abstract]  Functional connectivity in a neural circuit is determined by the strength, incidence, and neurotransmitter nature of its connections (Chuhma, 2015). Using optogenetics the functional synaptic connections between an identified population of neurons and defined postsynaptic target neurons may be measured systematically in order to determine the functional connectome of that identified population. Here we describe the experimental protocol used to investigate the excitatory functional connectome of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons, mediated by glutamate cotransmission (Mingote et al., 2015). Dopamine neurons are made light sensitive by injecting an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding channelrhodopsin (ChR2) into the ventral midbrain of DATIREScre mice. The efficacy and ... [摘要]  神经回路中的功能连通性由其连接的强度,发病率和神经递质特性决定(Chuhma,2015)。使用光遗传学,可以系统地测量识别的神经元群体和定义的突触后靶神经元之间的功能性突触连接,以便确定该识别群体的功能性连接群。这里我们描述了用于研究由谷氨酸共转播介导的腹侧中脑多巴胺神经元的兴奋性功能性连接体的实验方案(Mingote等,2015)。通过将编码通道视紫红质(ChR2)的腺相关病毒(AAV)注射到DATIREScre小鼠的腹侧中脑中,使多巴胺神经元变得光敏。多巴胺合成酶酪氨酸羟化酶的免疫荧光证实ChR2表达在多巴胺神经元中的功效和特异性。然后,切片膜片钳记录由接受多巴胺神经元投影的区域中的神经元产生,并且确定兴奋性连接的发生率和强度。所有接受多巴胺神经元投射的区域的连接发生率和强度的总结构成功能性连接体。
【背景】为了建立特定神经回路的功能,有必要确定解剖连接,解剖连接的映射及其功能连接,连接的强度,发病率和神经递质性质的映射。使用单因素限制的病毒性突触后追踪技术,可以描述包括多巴胺系统在内的神经回路的复杂解剖连接(Callaway and Luo,2015; ...

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Barley Seedling Leaves
Author:
Date:
2015-06-20
[Abstract]  Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one of the most potent reverse genetics technologies for gene functional characterisation. This method exploits a dsRNA-mediated antiviral defence mechanism in plants. Using this method allows researchers to generate rapid phenotypic data in a relatively rapid time frame as compared to the generation of stable transformants. Here we describe a simple method for silencing a target gene in barley seedling leaves using vectors based on the Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (BSMV). [摘要]  病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)是基因功能表征的最有效的反向遗传学技术之一。 这种方法利用dsRNA介导的抗病毒防御机制在植物中。 与稳定转化体的产生相比,使用该方法允许研究人员在相对快的时间框架中产生快速表型数据。 在这里我们介绍了一种简单的方法,使用基于大麦条纹花叶病毒(BSMV)的载体,在大麦幼苗叶片中沉默目标基因。

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