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Chloroform stock

氯仿

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: C2432
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Calcein Release Assay to Measure Membrane Permeabilization by Recombinant Alpha-Synuclein
Author:
Date:
2020-07-20
[Abstract]  Lipid membranes are involved in regulating biochemical and biological processes and in modulating the selective permeability of cells, organelles, and vesicles. Membrane composition, charge, curvature, and fluidity all have concerted effects on cellular signaling and homeostasis. The ability to prepare artificial lipid assemblies that mimic biological membranes has enabled investigators to obtain considerable insight into biomolecule-membrane interactions. Lipid nanoscale assemblies can vary greatly in size and composition and can consist of a single lipid monolayer, a bilayer, or other more complex assemblies. This structural diversity makes liposomes suitable for a wide variety of biochemical and clinical applications. Here, we describe a calcein dye leakage assay that we have developed ... [摘要]  [摘要] 脂质膜参与调节生物化学和生物过程,并调节细胞,细胞器和囊泡的选择性通透性。膜的组成,电荷,曲率和流动性均对细胞信号传导和体内平衡具有协同作用。制备模拟生物膜的人工脂质组装体的能力使研究人员能够深入了解生物分子与膜之间的相互作用。脂质纳米级装配体的大小和组成可以有很大不同,并且可以由单个脂质单层,双层或其他更复杂的装配体组成。这种结构上的多样性使脂质体适用于多种生化和临床应用。在这里,我们描述了一种钙黄绿素染料泄漏测定法,该测定法已开发用于监测磷脂酰小泡被α-突触核蛋白( αSyn)破坏,α-突触核蛋白是一种突触前蛋白,在帕金森氏病(PD)中起着重要作用。我们目前的数据显示的效果腺苷酰化的α Syn的上α 的Syn 介导囊泡破裂,例如,此法可用于研究基因突变或翻译后修饰的作用,对α 的Syn -membrane相互作用,以确定蛋白质结合合作伙伴或扰乱这些相互作用的化学实体,并以研究的渗透活动不同血脂的影响α Syn 或其他任何蛋白质。

背景技术脂质体是由于脂质头基团和脂肪酸侧链之间的亲水和疏水相互作用而形成的纳米级脂质组装体。这些生物膜模仿脂质双层组件是研究蛋白质生物分子的膜相互作用的有用工具,这是由于:(i )调节脂质体直径的灵活性,从而调节膜曲率;(ii)控制脂质成分(Ahmed 等,2019;Siontorou ...

In vivo Mouse Mammary Gland Formation
Author:
Date:
2020-07-05
[Abstract]  For years, the mammary gland serves as a perfect example to study the self-renew and differentiation of adult stem cells, and the regulatory mechanisms of these processes as well. To assess the function of given genes and/or other factors on stemness of mammary cells, several In vitro assays were developed, such as mammospheres formation assay, detection of stem cell markers by mRNA expression or flow cytometry and so on. However, the capacity of reconstruction of whole mount in the cleared fat pad of recipient female mice is a golden standard to estimate the stemness of the cells. Here we described a step-by-step protocol for in vivo mammary gland formation assay, including preparation of “cleared” recipients and mammary cells for implantation, the surgery process and ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 多年来,乳腺一直是研究成体干细胞的自我更新和分化以及这些过程的调控机制的完美例证。为了评估给定的基因和/或其他因素对乳腺细胞的干性,有几个函数体外测定法开发出来,如微球体由mRNA表达形成试验,干细胞标志物的检测或流式细胞术等。然而,在雌性小鼠清除的脂肪垫中整个坐骨的重建能力是估计细胞干性的黄金标准。在这里,我们描述了体内的分步操作方案 乳腺形成测定,包括准备“清除”的受体和用于植入的乳腺细胞,手术过程以及如何评估实验结果。结合通过基因编辑和/或药物处理对乳腺细胞的操作,该方案在乳腺干细胞和乳腺发育的研究中可能非常有用。

[背景 ] 作为哺乳动物最典型的器官之一,乳腺(MG)是外分泌腺,负责泌乳。MG的发育受某些性激素的控制,这些激素的水平精确地调节了MG在不同发育阶段的结构,细胞组成和功能变化(Henigighausen and Robinson,2005)。许多遗传和环境因素都参与了乳腺干细胞的调控和MG的发育。为了研究这些因素的功能和机理,已经开发了几种方法,特别是用于评估乳腺细胞的干性。先前的研究表明,只有MG的基底细胞而非管腔细胞能够在受体雌性小鼠清除的脂肪垫中重建上皮树,这表明乳腺干细胞仅存在于基底谱系中(Van Keymeulen 等,2011)。 )。后来,包括我们在内的许多研究发现了乳腺干细胞的几种标志物(Prater ...

Visualization of RNA 3’ ends in Escherichia coli Using 3’ RACE Combined with Primer Extension
Author:
Date:
2018-03-05
[Abstract]  In this assay, 3’ RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA 3’ Ends) followed by PE (primer extension), abbreviated as 3’ RACE-PE is used to identify the mRNA 3’ ends. The following protocol describes the amplification of the mRNA 3’ ends at the galactose operon in E. coli and the corresponding visualization of the PCR products through PE. In PE, the definite primer is 5’ end-labeled using [γ-(32) P] ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase, which anneals to the specific DNA molecules within the PCR product of the 3’ RACE. The conventional PE can only be used to locate the 5’ end of an mRNA transcript since reverse transcriptase (RTase) polymerizes only in the 5’ → 3’ direction. Thus, Taq polymerase is used instead of RTase, PCR is performed. Therefore, we are able to locate the 3’ end of the ... [摘要]  在该测定中,使用缩写为3'RACE-PE的3'RACE(cDNA3'末端快速扩增),随后是PE(引物延伸),以鉴定mRNA3'末端。以下方案描述E中半乳糖操纵子的mRNA 3'末端的扩增。并通过PE对相应的PCR产物进行可视化。在PE中,使用[γ-(32)P] ATP和T4多核苷酸激酶对确定的引物进行5'末端标记,其退火至3'RACE的PCR产物内的特定DNA分子。由于逆转录酶(RTase)仅在5'→3'方向聚合,常规PE只能用于定位mRNA转录物的5'末端。因此,使用Taq聚合酶代替RTase,进行PCR。因此,我们能够使用此测定法定位mRNA的3'末端。通过在变性8%尿素-PAGE(聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳)凝胶中分离DNA产物,可以直接显示和定量3'末端的相对量。 3'末端的确切位置可以通过比较这些最终的DNA产物与相应的DNA测序阶梯进行测序。


【背景】mRNA 3'末端的合成是E中的重要步骤。产生稳定的信使RNA(mRNA)的大肠杆菌。在真核细胞中,mRNA 3'末端形成是通过从内部磷酸二酯键切割,然后加入聚(A)尾;而在原核细胞中,通过终止转录或通过加工初级转录产生mRNA的3'末端(Altman和Robertson,1973; Nudler和Gottesman,2002; Zhao等人,1999年)。因此,分析mRNA ...

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