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Tricine

Tricine

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: T0377
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Extraction and Quantification of Polyphosphate (polyP) from Gram-negative Bacteria
Author:
Date:
2018-09-20
[Abstract]  Polyphosphate (polyP), a universally conserved biomolecule, is composed of up to 1,000 phosphate monomers linked via phosphoanhydride bonds. Reaching levels in bacteria that are in the high nmoles per mg protein range, polyP plays important roles in biofilm formation and colonization, general stress protection and virulence. Various protocols for the detection of polyP in bacteria have been reported. These methods primarily differ in the ways that polyP is extracted and/or detected. Here, we report an improved method, in which we combine polyP extraction via binding to glassmilk with a very sensitive PolyP kinase/luciferase-based detection system. By using this procedure, we significantly enhanced the sensitivity of polyP detection, making it potentially applicable for mammalian tissues. [摘要]  多磷酸盐(polyP)是一种普遍保守的生物分子,由多达1,000个通过磷酸酐键连接的磷酸盐单体组成。 达到每毫克蛋白质高纳摩尔细菌的水平,polyP在生物膜形成和定植,一般应力保护和毒力中起重要作用。 已经报道了用于检测细菌中polyP的各种方案。 这些方法主要在于提取和/或检测polyP的方式不同。 在这里,我们报告了一种改进的方法,其中我们结合polyP提取通过结合到玻璃奶与非常敏感的PolyP激酶/荧光素酶检测系统。 通过使用该程序,我们显着增强了polyP检测的灵敏度,使其可能适用于哺乳动物组织。

【背景】聚磷酸盐(polyP)是一种由多达1,000种无机磷酸盐单体的直链组成的生物聚合物,存在于生命的所有三个领域的细胞中。然而,细菌是唯一已经充分研究了polyP代谢酶的生物。将ATP转化为polyP的细菌polyP激酶(PPK)催化正向和反向反应。虽然polyP的合成显然是细胞中有利的反应,但通过在体外提供足够量的ADP ,该酶可用于从polyP产生ATP,使得基于荧光素酶的ATP检测成为可能(Ault -Riché et al。,1998)。缺乏PPK的细菌在生物膜形成,运动性,持久性和各种应激反应方面存在缺陷,并显示出对次卤酸(即,漂白)应激或磷酸盐饥饿的显着增加的敏感性(图1)(Rao et al。,2009; Gray et ...

Separation of Thylakoid Protein Complexes with Two-dimensional Native-PAGE
Author:
Date:
2018-07-05
[Abstract]  The hierarchical composition and interactions of the labile thylakoid protein complexes can be assessed by sequential 2D-native gel-electrophoresis system. Mild non-ionic detergent digitonin is used to solubilize labile protein super-and megacomplexes, which are then separated with first-dimension blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-BN-PAGE). The digitonin derived protein complexes are further solubilized with stronger detergent, β-DM, and subsequently separated on an orthogonal 2D-BN-PAGE to release smaller protein subcomplexes from the higher-order supercomplexes. Here we describe a detailed method for 2D-BN-PAGE analysis of thylakoid protein complexes from Arabidopsis thaliana. [摘要]  不稳定的类囊体蛋白复合物的分级组成和相互作用可以通过连续的2D天然凝胶电泳系统来评估。 温和的非离子洗涤剂洋地黄皂苷用于溶解不稳定的蛋白质超级和巨型复合物,然后用第一维蓝色天然聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(1D-BN-PAGE)分离。 将洋地黄皂苷衍生的蛋白质复合物用更强的去污剂β-DM进一步溶解,随后在正交的2D-BN-PAGE上分离,以从较高级的超复合物中释放较小的蛋白质亚复合物。 在这里,我们描述了来自拟南芥的类囊体蛋白复合物的2D-BN-PAGE分析的详细方法。

【背景】在类囊体膜中发生光合作用的光反应,在高等植物中,由贴壁的grana类囊体和非贴壁的基质类囊体组成。光反应由多亚基蛋白复合物光系统(PS)I和II,细胞色素b 6 f和ATP酶催化。 PSII及其光捕获天线复合物(LHCII)在grana-thylakoids中最为丰富,因此在空间上与基质类囊体定位的PSI-LHCI复合物隔离(Andersson和Anderson,1980)。格拉纳和基质类囊体之间的间期在两个光系统中都得到了丰富(Albertsson,2001; Suorsa et al。,2015)。通过光依赖性LHCII和PSII蛋白的可逆磷酸化介导,光系统与LHCII一起组装成更大的超级和超级复合物。 ...

Cycloheximide Assays to Measure Protein Degradation in vivo in Plants
Author:
Date:
2016-09-05
[Abstract]  The half-life of a protein is a characteristic property, and can be modulated by post-translational modifications, changes in subcellular localization, and/or interaction with other proteins or ligands. As one determinant of its steady-state level, a protein’s degradation represents an important distinguishing attribute relevant to its biological function. Because protein longevity cannot be elucidated from bioinformatics analyses, it must be determined empirically. Here we describe two approaches for in vivo half-life determination in plants: 1. pooled-seedling degradation assays monitoring either tagged versions of the protein (luciferase fusions or other epitope tags) or following the endogenous protein; 2. single-seedling degradation assays using luciferase fusion proteins. ... [摘要]  蛋白质的半衰期是特征性质,并且可以通过翻译后修饰,亚细胞定位的改变和/或与其他蛋白质或配体的相互作用来调节。 作为其稳态水平的一个决定因素,蛋白质的降解代表与其生物学功能相关的重要的区别属性。 由于蛋白质的寿命不能从生物信息学分析中阐明,必须根据经验确定。 这里我们描述了在植物中体内半衰期测定的两种方法:1.监测蛋白质(萤光素酶融合物或其它表位标签)的标记形式或遵循内源蛋白质的混合 - 幼苗降解测定; 2.使用荧光素酶融合蛋白的单胚芽降解测定。 这些方法的优点是它们的简单性和低成本。

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