| GUS Staining of Guard Cells to Identify Localised Guard Cell Gene Expression
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Author:
Date:
2017-07-20
[Abstract] Determination of a gene expression in guard cells is essential for studying stomatal movements. GUS staining is one means of detecting the localization of a gene expression in guard cells. If a gene is specially expressed in guard cells, the whole cotyledons or rosette leaf can be used for GUS staining. However, if a gene is expressed in both mesophyll and guard cells, it is hard to exhibit a clear expression of the gene in guard cells by a GUS staining image from leaf. To gain a clear guard cell GUS image of small G protein ROP7, a gene expressed in both mesophyll and guard cells, we peeled the epidermal strips from the leaf of 3-4 week-old plants. After removing the mesophyll cells, the epidermal strips were used for GUS staining. We compared the GUS staining images from ...
[摘要] 保卫细胞中基因表达的测定对于研究气孔运动至关重要。 GUS染色是检测保卫细胞中基因表达定位的一种手段。如果在保卫细胞中特异性表达基因，则可以将整个子叶或玫瑰花叶用于GUS染色。然而，如果在叶肉和保卫细胞中表达基因，则难以通过来自叶的GUS染色图像在保护细胞中表达该基因的清楚表达。为了获得清晰的保护细胞GUS图像的小G蛋白ROP7 ，一种在叶肉和保卫细胞中表达的基因，我们从3-4周龄的植物的叶片剥离表皮条。去除叶肉细胞后，将表皮条用于GUS染色。我们比较了来自表皮条或小G蛋白ROP7和/或RopGEF4的叶片的GUS染色图像，其是在保卫细胞中特异性表达的基因，并且发现提供了表皮条带的GUS染色显示在叶肉和保卫细胞中表达的基因的保卫细胞表达的良好方法。该方案适用于在拟南芥保卫细胞中表达的任何基因，或表皮条可以容易地从叶上剥离的其它植物。
【背景】气孔运动调节植物和环境之间的气体交换，因此，重要的是揭示气孔的开启或关闭的机制。确定基因的保卫细胞表达对于研究其在气孔运动中的作用至关重要。鉴定基因在保卫细胞中的表达有几种方法。一种方法是通过RT-PCR（Jeon等人，2008; Takimiya等人，2013）检查保卫细胞中基因的RNA表达。为此，需要分离叶肉和保卫细胞的原生质体。另一种方法是检查表达由基因天然启动子驱动的GUS的转基因植物的保卫细胞中的GUS ...
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| Expression and Purification of the GRAS Domain of Os-SCL7 from Rice for Structural Studies
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Author:
Date:
2017-02-05
[Abstract] GRAS proteins, named after the first three members GAI, RGA and SRC, has been found in 294 embryophyta species and is represented by 1,035 sequences. They belong to a plant-specific protein family and play essential roles in plant growth and development. Proteins in this family are defined as minimally containing a conserved GRAS domain, which is about 350-450 resides and can be subdivided into five distinct motifs with their name derived from the most prominent amino acids: LRI (leucine-rich region I), VHIID, LRII (leucine-rich region II), PFYRE and SAW and mainly function in the interaction between GRAS proteins and their partners (Sun et al., 2012).By phylogenetic analysis, the GRAS family can be divided into more than ten subfamilies, of which SCL4/7 is one important subgroup ...
[摘要] 以前3个成员GAI，RGA和SRC命名的GRAS蛋白质已被发现在294个胚胎种，并由1,035个序列表示。它们属于植物特异性蛋白质家族，在植物生长和发育中起重要作用。该家族中的蛋白质被定义为最低限度地含有保守的GRAS结构域，其约为350-450个，并且可以细分为五个不同的基序，其名称源自最突出的氨基酸：LRI（富含亮氨酸的区域I），VHIID ，LRII（富含亮氨酸的区域II），PFYRE和SAW，并且主要在GRAS蛋白质与其配偶体之间的相互作用中起作用（Sun等人，2012）。通过系统发育分析，GRAS家族可以分为十多个亚科，其中SCL4 / 7是一个重要的亚组，对应对环境压力有作用。这里我们描述了Os-SCL7（水稻SCL4 / 7成员）的GRAS结构域的表达和纯化的详细方案，使我们能够使其结晶并确定其结构。
背景 GRAS蛋白是一个大家族，在植物发育和信号转导中起重要作用。结果表明，一些家庭成员如DELLAs起到GA响应植物生长的抑制作用，是GA信号通路（Murase等人，2008）中的关键调控目标，NSP1和NSP2起重要作用在调节结瘤发育和信号传导（Kaló等人，2005）中，蛋白质SCR和SHR一起在控制根和芽的径向图案中起重要作用（Helariutta et ...
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| PKC-θ in vitro Kinase Activity Assay
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Author:
Date:
2016-10-20
[Abstract] Protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ), a member of the Ca2+-independent PKC subfamily of kinases, serves as a regulator of T cell activation by mediating the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)- and coreceptor CD28-induced activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 and, to a lesser extent, NFAT, and, subsequently, interleukin 2 (IL-2) production and T cell proliferation. In T cells, TCR and CD28 stimulation-induced activation of PKC-θ is the integrated result of diacylglycerol-mediated membrane recruitment, GLK-mediated phosphorylation at activation loop, CD28, Lck, and sumoylation-mediated central immunological synapse localization (Wang et al., 2015; Monks et al., 1997; Kong et al., 2011; Isakov and Altman, 2012; Chuang et al., 2011). ...
[摘要] Sumoylation控制许多细胞过程。蛋白激酶C-θ（PKC-θ）是激酶的Ca 2+超家族PKC亚家族的成员，通过介导T细胞抗原受体（TCR）作为T细胞活化的调节剂， - 和共受体CD28诱导的转录因子NF-κB和AP-1的活化，以及较小程度的NFAT，以及随后的白细胞介素2（IL-2）产生和T细胞增殖。我们最近证明了TCR诱导的PKC-θ的sumoylation是其在T细胞中的功能所必需的（Wang等人，2015）。在这里我们描述分析TCR诱导的过表达或内源性PKC-θ的sumoylation的方法，这是通过免疫沉淀PKC-θ进行，然后用抗SUMO1抗体进行免疫印迹。
[背景] ...
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