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Fisher ScientificTM accumetTM AB15 Basic and BioBasicTM pH/mV/°C Meters

Fisher Scientific TM accumet TM AB15 Basic和BioBasicTM pH / mV /°C

Company: Thermo Fisher Scientific
Catalog#: 13-636-AB15B
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Ionization Properties of Phospholipids Determined by Zeta Potential Measurements
Author:
Date:
2016-11-20
[Abstract]  Biological membranes are vital for diverse cellular functions such as maintaining cell and organelle structure, selective permeability, active transport, and signaling. The surface charge of the membrane bilayer plays a critical role in these myriad processes. For most biomembranes, the surface charge of anionic phospholipids contributes to the negative surface charge density within the interfacial region of the bilayer. To quantify surface charge, it is essential to understand the proton dissociation behavior of the titratable headgroups within such lipids. We describe a protocol that uses model membranes for electrokinetic zeta potential measurements coupled with data analysis using Gouy-Chapman-Stern formalism to determine the pKa value of the component lipids. A ... [摘要]  生物膜对于多种细胞功能如维持细胞和细胞器结构,选择性渗透性,主动转运和信号传导至关重要。膜双层的表面电荷在这些无数过程中起关键作用。对于大多数生物膜,阴离子磷脂的表面电荷有助于在双层的界面区域内的负表面电荷密度。为了量化表面电荷,必须理解可滴定头基在这种脂质内的质子解离行为。我们描述了使用模型膜用于电动ζ电位测量以及使用Gouy-Chapman-Stern形式的数据分析以确定组分脂质的p a 值的方案。提供了由单阴离子脂质磷脂酰甘油组成的均匀双层的详细实施例。这种方法可以适用于测量具有异质脂质组合的双层,以及用于在头部组中具有多个可滴定位点的脂质(例如,心磷脂)。

[背景] 磷脂是生物膜的中心结构单元(图1)。作为两亲性分子,每个包含由酰基链组成的疏水区和由极性头基组成的亲水区(图1A)。一些磷脂头基是两性离子的,在生理pH下含有带正电和带负电的官能团(图1B),而其它磷脂头基是酸性的,带有整体形式的负电荷(图1C)。生物膜内的脂质作为层状组件稳定存在,形成双层,其中两个叶的酰基链相互作用形成疏水核和由极性头基组成的两个界面区域(图1D)。大多数天然存在的生物膜含有一定百分比的酸性磷脂;因此,它们的脂质组成赋予界面区域净负电荷(Gennis,1989; ...

Spectrophotometric Determination of Glutamine Synthetase Activity in Cultured Cells
Author:
Date:
2016-10-05
[Abstract]  Glutamine synthetase (GS), which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine, is widely distributed in animal tissues and cell culture lines. The importance of this enzyme is suggested by the fact that glutamine, the product of GS-catalyzed de novo synthesis reaction, is the most abundant free amino acid in blood (Smith and Wilmore, 1990). Glutamine is involved in many biological processes including serving as the nitrogen donor for biosynthesis, as an exchanger for the import of essential amino acids, as a means to detoxifying intracellular ammonia and glutamate, and as a bioenergetics nutrient to fuel the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Bott et al., 2015). The method for the assay of GS enzymatic activity relies on its γ-glutamyl transferase reaction by ... [摘要]  谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS),其催化谷氨酸和氨转化成谷氨酰胺,广泛分布在动物组织和细胞培养系中。该酶的重要性通过谷氨酰胺,GS-催化的从头合成反应的产物,是血液中最丰富的游离氨基酸的事实提示(Smith和Wilmore,1990)。谷氨酰胺参与许多生物过程,包括作为生物合成的氮供体,作为输入必需氨基酸的交换剂,作为解毒细胞内氨和谷氨酸的手段,以及作为生物能量营养物来给三羧酸(TCA)周期(Bott等人,2015)。用于测定GS酶活性的方法依赖于其γ-谷氨酰转移酶反应,通过测量由谷氨酰胺和羟胺合成的γ-谷氨酰羟肟酸酯,以及反应产物与反应物的色谱分离(Deuel等人 。,1978)。 GS谷氨酰转移酶反应的概述可以在图1中找到。通过分光光度测定法在560nm的特定波长下使用酶标仪测量GS活性。该方法简单,并且具有与应用放射性标记的底物的那些方法相当的灵敏度。该修改的方法已经应用于在包括人乳腺上皮MCF10A细胞和鼠前B FL5.12细胞的培养细胞系中测定/测定GS活性,并且可以用于测量其他细胞系中的GS活性。 >


图1 。GS glutamyl ...

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