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HistodenzTM

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: D2158
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Optical Clearing and Index Matching of Tissue Samples for High-resolution Fluorescence Imaging Using SeeDB2
Author:
Date:
2018-10-20
[Abstract]  Tissue clearing techniques are useful for large-scale three-dimensional fluorescence imaging of thick tissues. However, high-resolution imaging deep inside tissues has been challenging, as it is extremely sensitive to light scattering and spherical aberrations. Here, we present a water-based optical clearing and mounting media, SeeDB2, which is designed for high numerical aperture (NA) objective lenses with oil or glycerol immersion. Using quick and simple soaking procedures, the refractive indices of samples can be matched either to that of immersion oil (1.52) or glycerol (1.46), thus minimizing light scattering and spherical aberrations. Fine morphology and various fluorescent proteins are highly preserved during the clearing and imaging process. Our method is useful for the ... [摘要]  组织清除技术可用于厚组织的大规模三维荧光成像。然而,高分辨率成像深层组织一直是一个挑战,因为它对光散射和球面像差极为敏感。在这里,我们提出了一种水基光学清除和安装介质SeeDB2,它是专为高数值孔径(NA)物镜和油或甘油浸泡而设计的。使用快速简单的浸泡程序,样品的折射率可以与浸油(1.52)或甘油(1.46)相匹配,从而最大限度地减少光散射和球面像差。在清理和成像过程中,高度保留了良好的形态和各种荧光蛋白。我们的方法可用于使用共聚焦和超分辨率显微镜在突触分辨率下的神经元电路的三维荧光成像。 SeeDB2也可用作荧光蛋白超分辨率成像的封固介质。
【背景】生物组织以3D组织。此外,许多重要的细胞机器,例如,例如,神经元中的突触,是亚微米级的。因此,对用于亚微米级3D成像的方法的需求不断增加。串联电子显微镜技术(例如>,FIB-SEM或SBF-SEM)很有前景,但它们无法充分利用现代生命科学中可用的基因荧光标记工具。为了利用荧光显微镜促进3D成像,近年来已经开发了许多组织清除技术(Richardson和Lichtman,2015和2017)。它们专为大规模3D成像而设计,其中一些可用于全脑,甚至是固定样品的全身尺度荧光成像,结合共焦,双光子或光片显微镜。然而,其中许多尚未针对高分辨率成像进行全面优化。
在荧光显微镜中,横向分辨率( d >)给出如下:
d ...

Liposome Flotation Assay for Studying Interactions Between Rubella Virus Particles and Lipid Membranes
Author:
Date:
2018-08-20
[Abstract]  Rubella virus (RuV) is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is pathogenic to humans. RuV binds to the target cell via the viral envelope protein E1, but the specific receptor molecules on the target cell are yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we describe a protocol for liposome flotation assay to study direct interactions between RuV particles and lipid membranes in a qualitative manner. Interactions are examined by a Nycodenz density gradient fractionation using UV-inactivated RuV particles and fluorescent-labeled liposomes consisting of pure lipids. Fractionated RuV particles are detected using standard sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Western blot analysis for viral proteins. On the Nycodenz gradient, RuV particles ... [摘要]  风疹病毒(RuV)是一种包膜的正义单链RNA病毒,对人类具有致病性。 RuV通过病毒包膜蛋白E1与靶细胞结合,但靶细胞上的特异性受体分子尚未完全阐明。在这里,我们描述了脂质体浮选测定的方案,以定性方式研究RuV颗粒和脂质膜之间的直接相互作用。使用UV-灭活的RuV颗粒和由纯脂质组成的荧光标记的脂质体通过Nycodenz密度梯度分级检查相互作用。使用标准十二烷基硫酸钠 - 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测分级的RuV颗粒,然后对病毒蛋白进行Western印迹分析。在Nycodenz梯度上,与未结合的RuV颗粒相比,与脂质体结合的RuV颗粒转移至较低密度的部分。使用该方案,我们提供了令人信服的证据,即在中性pH下以钙依赖性方式,RuV颗粒与某些细胞类型中含有鞘磷脂(SM)和胆固醇的脂质膜结合。

【背景】 风疹病毒是“风疹”的致病因子,“风疹”是一种急性且相对轻微的全身性感染和“先天性风疹综合征”,一种导致严重出生缺陷的转胎胎儿感染(Hobman,2013)。阐明RuV进入的分子机制对于了解病毒病理学和帮助开发抗RuV药物是必不可少的。虽然以前的研究表明宿主细胞的膜脂质作为RuV受体(Mastromarino et al。,1989和1990; DuBois et ...

Differentiation of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells from Murine Bone Marrow and Their Co-culture with Splenic Dendritic Cells
Author:
Date:
2017-09-20
[Abstract]  Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) possess the ability to suppress the immune response, and to amplify the regulatory properties of other immune cells, i.e., dendritic cells. Here we describe a protocol in which MDSCs were differentiated from murine bone marrow cells, and CD11c+ dendritic cells were purified from murine spleens. MDSCs and CD11c dendritic cells can be co-cultured and the immunoregulatory phenotype of the MDSCs-conditioned dendritic cells could be assessed by means of a specific functional in vivo experiment, i.e., a skin test as a measure of the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction toward a poorly immunogenic antigen. [摘要]  骨髓来源的抑制细胞(MDSCs)具有抑制免疫应答的能力,并扩增其他免疫细胞即树突状细胞的调节特性。 在这里,我们描述了MDSC与鼠骨髓细胞分化的方案,并且从鼠脾中纯化CD11c +树突状细胞。 可以共培养MDSC和CD11c树突状细胞,并且可以通过特定的功能体内实验来评估MDSCs条件树突细胞的免疫调节表型,即皮肤试验作为延迟型超敏反应的量度 抗免疫原性较差的抗原。
【背景】骨髓来源的抑制细胞(MDSCs)是由早期分化阶段的巨噬细胞,粒细胞,树突状细胞和骨髓细胞的前体组成的骨髓细胞组(Youn等人,2008),其在肿瘤的淋巴组织中大量积累感染性小鼠以及感染性疾病,败血症和创伤的小鼠。这些细胞的主要特征是它们以Ag特异性和/或非特异性方式抑制T细胞应答的能力。这些细胞现在被认为是负责肿瘤相关免疫缺陷的主要细胞类型之一;涉及MDSC介导的免疫抑制的主要因素包括Arg1的高表达(Marvel和Gabrilovich,2015)。精氨酸酶1(Arg1)和吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)分别是催化L-精氨酸(L-Arg)和L-色氨酸(L-Trp)降解的免疫调节酶,导致局部氨基酸剥夺。此外,与Arg1不同,IDO1在树突细胞(DC)中也具有非酶信号传导活性(Mondanelli等,2017)。除了其固有的免疫抑制活性外,MDSC还可能扩增其他免疫细胞的调节特性,特别是在肿瘤微环境中。虽然建立了MDSC-巨噬细胞相互作用的一些机制(Ugel等,2015),MDSCs和DCs之间的串扰仍然不清楚(Ostrand-Rosenberg等,2012);为弥补这一差距,我们已经制定了该方案,并且我们证明了Arg1 ...

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