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Company: Eppendorf
Catalog#: 3121000120
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Assessing Classical Olfactory Fear Conditioning by Behavioral Freezing in Mice
Author:
Date:
2018-09-20
[Abstract]  Classical fear conditioning typically involves pairing a discrete cue with a foot shock. Quantifying behavioral freezing to the learned cue is a crucial assay for neuroscience studies focused on learning and memory. Many paradigms utilize discrete stimuli such as tones; however, given mice are odor-driven animals and the wide variety of odorants commercially available, using odors as conditioned stimuli presents advantages for studies involving learning. Here, we describe detailed procedures for assembling systems for presenting discrete odor cues during single-day fear conditioning and subsequent analysis of freezing behavior to assess learning. [摘要]  经典的恐惧条件反射通常涉及将离散的线索与脚部震动配对。 量化对学习线索的行为冻结是针对学习和记忆的神经科学研究的关键分析。 许多范例利用诸如音调之类的离散刺激; 然而,鉴于小鼠是气味驱动的动物和商业上可获得的各种气味剂,使用气味作为条件刺激对于涉及学习的研究具有优势。 在这里,我们描述了用于组装系统的详细程序,该系统用于在单日恐惧条件反射期间呈现离散的气味线索并随后分析冷冻行为以评估学习。

【背景】联想恐惧学习是几种焦虑症的根源,涉及将中性刺激与厌恶结果配对。这种配对产生强烈的行为恐惧反应,以冷冻(LeDoux,2003)的形式,对条件刺激,可以量化为恐惧学习和记忆的量度。离散刺激,如音调,通常被用作恐惧条件反射的条件刺激;然而,嗅觉提示在诱导学习冷冻方面也非常有效(Pavesi et al。,2012; Ross and Fletcher,2018)。这种联想恐惧学习方法不同于利用捕食者气味的方法,这种方法产生本能行为而非学习行为,使其成为快速评估嗅觉学习的理想选择。行为冻结,定义为缺乏所有自愿运动(Blanchard和Blanchard,1969; ...

Assessment of Caenorhabditis elegans Competitive Fitness in the Presence of a Bacterial Parasite
Author:
Date:
2018-08-20
[Abstract]  Accurate measurements of an organism’s fitness are crucial for measuring evolutionary change. Methods of fitness measurement are most accurate when incorporating an individual’s survival and fecundity, as well as accounting for any ecological interactions or environmental effects experienced by the organism. Here, we describe a protocol for measuring the relative mean fitness of Caenorhabditis elegans populations, or strains, through an assay that accounts for individual survival, fecundity, and intraspecific competitive ability in the presence of a bacterial parasite. In this competitive fitness assay nematodes from a focal population or strain are mixed with a GFP-marked tester strain in equal proportions, the mixture of nematodes are then exposed to a parasite, and the ... [摘要]  准确测量生物体的适应度对于衡量进化变化至关重要。当结合个体的生存和繁殖力以及考虑生物体所经历的任何生态相互作用或环境影响时,适合度测量的方法是最准确的。在这里,我们描述了一种用于测量秀丽隐杆线虫种群或菌株的相对平均适合度的方案,该方案通过在细菌寄生虫存在下计算个体存活率,繁殖力和种内竞争能力的测定。在这种竞争性适应性测定中,来自焦点种群或菌株的线虫与GFP标记的测试菌株以相等比例混合,然后将线虫的混合物暴露于寄生虫,并且通过测量来确定焦点菌株的相对竞争适合度。一代后,焦点线虫与GFP标记的线虫的比例发生变化。具体地,可以实施该协议以通过确定进化线虫与祖先线虫群体的相对竞争适合度来测量实验进化后线虫宿主适应度的变化。

【背景】 准确测量适应度和适应度随时间的变化对于确定群体对自然选择的反应至关重要。尽管如此,健康是众所周知难以衡量的,因为它包含了个人的生存,繁殖力,繁殖时间,并且必须考虑到对个体的生态和环境影响。尽管在所有可能的条件下没有用于测量适合度的协议是最佳的,但是考虑到生存和繁殖力的适应度的测量,同时保持生态和环境影响不变,可能提供对给定场景的适合性的可靠总体估计。在这里,我们描述了一个用于测量 C之间相对适应度差异的协议。线虫种群或菌株,用于确定细菌寄生虫存在时进化时间内相对适合度的变化。我们利用革兰氏阴性细菌粘质沙雷氏菌作为 ...

Transplantation of Fecal Microbiota Shaped by Diet
Author:
Date:
2018-01-05
[Abstract]  Alterations in diet and gut microbial ecology underlie the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, we found high concentrations of bacterial metabolites acetate and butyrate in blood and faeces correlated with protection from disease. We reconstituted germ free (GF) NOD mice with fecal bacteria from protected NOD mice fed with high acetate- and butyrate-yielding diets, to test whether the transferred gut microbiota protect against the development of T1D. GF NOD mice that received a microbiota shaped by high acetate- but not butyrate-yielding diet showed a marked protection against diabetes. This fecal transplantation assay demonstrated the potential for a dietary technology to reshape the gut microbiota that enables specific bacteria to transfer ... [摘要]  饮食和肠道微生物生态学的改变是1型糖尿病(T1D)发病的基础。 在非肥胖糖尿病(NOD)小鼠中,我们发现血液和粪便中高浓度的乙酸和丁酸的细菌代谢物与防止疾病相关。 我们使用来自受保护的NOD小鼠的粪便细菌重建无菌(GF)NOD小鼠,饲喂高乙酸盐和丁酸盐产生的饮食,以测试转移的肠道微生物群是否防止T1D的发展。 GF NOD小鼠接受由高乙酸盐但不是丁酸盐产生饮食形成的微生物群显示出对糖尿病的显着保护。 这种粪便移植试验表明,饮食技术可以重塑肠道微生物群,使特定的细菌能够转移对T1D的保护。


【背景】已经在各种各样的疾病和病况中观察到肠道微生物群的变化。由于共生菌和致病菌之间的比例变化,肠道益生菌微生物群体失去了体内平衡。当微生物的组成变化很大时,可以观察到生物异常,某些种类的数量增加或减少(Clemente等,2012; Rajilic-Stojanovic,2013)。此外,肠道微生物群组成(其可能影响代谢物如SCFAs)的变化与许多炎性疾病有关(Clemente等人,2012),包括T1D(de Goffau等人 >,2013; Endesfelder ...

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