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pH test strips

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: P4536
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Inositol Phosphates Purification Using Titanium Dioxide Beads
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Date:
2018-08-05
[Abstract]  Inositol phosphates (IPs) comprise a family of ubiquitous eukaryotic signaling molecules. They have been linked to the regulation of a pleiotropy of important cellular activities, but low abundance and detection difficulties have hampered our understanding. Here we present a method to purify and enrich IPs or other phosphate-rich metabolites from mammalian cells or other sample types. Acid-extracted IPs from cells bind selectively via their phosphate groups to titanium dioxide beads. After washing, the IPs are easily eluted from the beads by increasing the pH. This technique, in combination with downstream analytical methods such as PAGE or SAX-HPLC, opens unprecedented investigative possibilities, allowing appropriate analysis of IPs from virtually any biological or non-biological source. [摘要]  肌醇磷酸(IP)包含普遍存在的真核信号分子家族。 它们与重要细胞活动的多效性的调节有关,但低丰度和检测困难阻碍了我们的理解。 在这里,我们提出了一种从哺乳动物细胞或其他样本类型中纯化和富集IP或其他富含磷酸盐的代谢物的方法。 来自细胞的酸提取的IP通过其磷酸基团选择性地结合到二氧化钛珠子上。 洗涤后,通过增加pH容易从珠中洗脱IP。 该技术与下游分析方法(如PAGE或SAX-HPLC)相结合,开启了前所未有的研究可能性,允许从几乎任何生物或非生物来源对IP进行适当分析。

【背景】肌醇磷酸(IP)是保守信号分子家族,在真核生物中普遍存在(Irvine和Schell,2001; Tsui和York,2010)。它们涉及广泛的细胞活动的调节,包括钙信号传导,运输和磷酸盐稳态(Wilson et al。,2013; Thota和Bhandari,2015; Azevedo和Saiardi,2017; )。然而,我们对IP信号的理解受到了它们难以研究的事实的阻碍。

与其他富含磷酸盐的分子(例如核苷酸)不同,IP在UV / Vis范围内不吸收,并且通常以相对低的丰度存在于细胞中。用于IP检测和分析的传统方法是用 3 ...

Preparation of Mosquito Salivary Gland Extract and Intradermal Inoculation of Mice
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Date:
2017-07-20
[Abstract]  Mosquito-transmitted pathogens are among the leading causes of severe disease and death in humans. Components within the saliva of mosquito vectors facilitate blood feeding, modulate host responses, and allow efficient transmission of pathogens, such as Dengue, Zika, yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya viruses, as well as Plasmodium parasites, among others. Here, we describe standardized methods to assess the impact of mosquito-derived factors on immune responses and pathogenesis in mouse models of infection. This protocol includes the generation of mosquito salivary gland extracts and intradermal inoculation of mouse ears. Ultimately, the information obtained from using these techniques can help reveal fundamental mechanisms of interaction between ... [摘要]  蚊子传播的病原体是人类严重疾病和死亡的主要原因之一。蚊子唾液中的组分促进血液供体,调节宿主反应,并允许有效传播病原体,如登革热,紫草,黄热病,西尼罗河,日本脑炎和基孔肯雅病毒,以及疟原虫寄生虫等。在这里,我们描述了评估蚊子衍生因子对小鼠感染模型中免疫反应和发病机制的影响的标准化方法。该方案包括产生蚊子唾液腺提取物和皮内接种小鼠耳朵。最终,使用这些技术获得的信息可以帮助揭示病原体,蚊子和哺乳动物宿主之间的相互作用的基本机制。此外,该协议还可以帮助建立疫苗或治疗剂的临床前检测改进的感染挑战模型,以考虑通过蚊子传播的自然途径。
【背景】在探测血液的同时,蚊子接种有助于喂养的唾液,但如果蚊子曾经感染过感染个体,也可能含有病原体。蚊子唾液在建立感染,促进传播,调节免疫应答和加剧西尼罗河病毒发病过程中发挥重要作用(Schneider等人,2006; Styer等人)。 ,2011),登革热病毒(Cox等人,2012; Conway等人,2014; McCracken等人,2014; Schmid ,2016),基孔肯雅病毒(Agarwal等人,2016),Semliki Forest病毒(Pingen等人,2016) ,裂谷热病毒(Le Coupanec等人,2013)和疟原虫寄生虫(Schneider等人,2011)感染。许多重要问题仍然存在,需要改进动物模型。
 而通过感染的蚊子接种最好地模仿自然传播,接种剂量的高度变异性和有限的昆虫设施的可用性导致这种程序的有限使用。此外,使用感染的蚊子时,不能控制唾液的含量和蚊子组分的存在或不存在。作为替代方案,未感染的雌性蚊子的“斑点喂养”,然后通过针对病原体进行真皮内接种,模拟了唾液在小鼠皮肤中的自然沉积并递送了一定剂量的病原体。 ...

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