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Potassium Phosphate dibasic Trihydrate, K2HPO4·7H2O

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 431478
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Bacterial Competition Assay Based on Extracellular D-amino Acid Production
Author:
Date:
2018-04-05
[Abstract]  Bacteria live in polymicrobial communities under tough competition. To persist in a specific niche many species produce toxic extracellular effectors as a strategy to interfere with the growth of nearby microbes. One of such effectors are the non-canonical D-amino acids. Here we describe a method to test the effect of D-amino acid production in fitness/survival of bacterial subpopulations within a community. Co-cultivation methods usually involve the growth of the competing bacteria in the same container. Therefore, within such mixed cultures the effect on growth caused by extracellular metabolites cannot be distinguished from direct physical interactions between species (e.g., T6SS effectors). However, this problem can be easily solved by using a filtration unit that allows free ... [摘要]  在激烈的竞争中,细菌生活在多种微生物群落中。为了坚持特定的生态位,许多物种会产生有毒的细胞外效应物作为干扰附近微生物生长的策略。这种效应子之一是非规范的D-氨基酸。在这里我们描述一种方法来测试D-氨基酸生产对社区内细菌亚群的适应/存活的影响。共培养方法通常涉及相同容器中竞争细菌的生长。因此,在这种混合培养物中,细胞外代谢物对生长的影响不能与物种间的直接物理相互作用区分开(例如T6SS效应物)。然而,通过使用允许小分解代谢物(例如L-和D-氨基酸)自由扩散的过滤单元可以容易地解决这个问题,同时将不同亚群保持在独立区室中。

通过这种方法,我们已经证明D-精氨酸是由霍乱弧菌产生的杀菌剂效应物,其强烈影响不同微生物亚群的存活。此外,D-精氨酸可作为混合菌群中的一种协同工具,用于保护非生产成员免受竞争细菌的侵害。

【背景】细菌生活在多种多样的物种共存并争夺现有资源的多种微生物群落中。细菌设计为在特定生态位持续存在的许多策略之一是产生有毒的细胞外代谢物作为干扰其他微生物生长和/或生存力的策略。已知D-氨基酸长时间在细菌培养物中具有细胞形状和活力的强大作用(Bopp,1965; Fox等人,1944; Kobayashi等人, 1948年; Yaw和Kakavas,1952年; Lark和Lark,1959年; Grula,1960年; ...

GUS Staining of Guard Cells to Identify Localised Guard Cell Gene Expression
Author:
Date:
2017-07-20
[Abstract]  Determination of a gene expression in guard cells is essential for studying stomatal movements. GUS staining is one means of detecting the localization of a gene expression in guard cells. If a gene is specially expressed in guard cells, the whole cotyledons or rosette leaf can be used for GUS staining. However, if a gene is expressed in both mesophyll and guard cells, it is hard to exhibit a clear expression of the gene in guard cells by a GUS staining image from leaf. To gain a clear guard cell GUS image of small G protein ROP7, a gene expressed in both mesophyll and guard cells, we peeled the epidermal strips from the leaf of 3-4 week-old plants. After removing the mesophyll cells, the epidermal strips were used for GUS staining. We compared the GUS staining images from ... [摘要]  保卫细胞中基因表达的测定对于研究气孔运动至关重要。 GUS染色是检测保卫细胞中基因表达定位的一种手段。如果在保卫细胞中特异性表达基因,则可以将整个子叶或玫瑰花叶用于GUS染色。然而,如果在叶肉和保卫细胞中表达基因,则难以通过来自叶的GUS染色图像在保护细胞中表达该基因的清楚表达。为了获得清晰的保护细胞GUS图像的小G蛋白ROP7 ,一种在叶肉和保卫细胞中表达的基因,我们从3-4周龄的植物的叶片剥离表皮条。去除叶肉细胞后,将表皮条用于GUS染色。我们比较了来自表皮条或小G蛋白ROP7和/或RopGEF4的叶片的GUS染色图像,其是在保卫细胞中特异性表达的基因,并且发现提供了表皮条带的GUS染色显示在叶肉和保卫细胞中表达的基因的保卫细胞表达的良好方法。该方案适用于在拟南芥保卫细胞中表达的任何基因,或表皮条可以容易地从叶上剥离的其它植物。
【背景】气孔运动调节植物和环境之间的气体交换,因此,重要的是揭示气孔的开启或关闭的机制。确定基因的保卫细胞表达对于研究其在气孔运动中的作用至关重要。鉴定基因在保卫细胞中的表达有几种方法。一种方法是通过RT-PCR(Jeon等人,2008; Takimiya等人,2013)检查保卫细胞中基因的RNA表达。为此,需要分离叶肉和保卫细胞的原生质体。另一种方法是检查表达由基因天然启动子驱动的GUS的转基因植物的保卫细胞中的GUS ...

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