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Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 03620
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TUNEL Assay to Assess Extent of DNA Fragmentation and Programmed Cell Death in Root Cells under Various Stress Conditions
Author:
Date:
2017-08-20
[Abstract]  DNA damage is one of the common consequences of exposure to various stress conditions. Different methods have been developed to accurately assess DNA damage and fragmentation in cells and tissues exposed to different stress agents. However, owing to the presence of firm cellulosic cell wall and phenolics, plant cells and tissues are not easily amenable to be subjected to these assays. Here, we describe an optimized TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) assay-based protocol to determine the extent of DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death in plant root cells subjected to various stress conditions. The method described here has the advantages of simplicity, reliability and reproducibility. [摘要]  DNA损伤是暴露于各种压力条件的常见后果之一。 已经开发了不同的方法来准确评估暴露于不同应激剂的细胞和组织中的DNA损伤和碎裂。 然而,由于纤维素细胞壁和酚类物质的存在,植物细胞和组织不容易进行这些测定。 在这里,我们描述了优化的TUNEL(末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP切口标记)测定方法,以确定经受各种应激条件的植物根细胞中DNA片段化和程序性细胞死亡的程度。 这里描述的方法具有简单,可靠和重复性好的优点。
【背景】暴露于各种压力通常导致至少一定程度的DNA损伤,导致各种损伤,例如胸腺嘧啶二聚化,碱基烷基化,单链缺口和双链断裂(Bray和West,2005; Manova和Gruszka,2015)。在所有类型的DNA损伤中,DNA片段化在应激条件下特别令人关注,这可能是应激的直接影响(如用基因毒素治疗方法所观察到的)或间接作用(主要是通过过度产生的活性氧),甚至可能是两者的累积结果(Bray和West,2005; Kapoor等,2015)。这种DNA损伤必须由细胞的修复机械精确修复,否则可能会导致细胞死亡。为了维持正常状态,细胞利用依赖于三个非排他事件的DNA损伤反应。检测/识别损坏,其通过维修机械的访问,最后修复(Smerdon,1991)。
   在细胞水平上应力适应的主要分子机制之一涉及对由于应激引起的受损DNA的DNA损伤和/或有效修复的抗性。因此,为了评估基因型的应激适应性,通常需要对DNA损伤进行准确评估。两种广泛用于检测植物DNA断裂的测定法是单细胞凝胶电泳 ...

Modification of 3’ Terminal Ends of DNA and RNA Using DNA Polymerase θ Terminal Transferase Activity
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Date:
2017-06-20
[Abstract]  DNA polymerase θ (Polθ) is a promiscuous enzyme that is essential for the error-prone DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway called alternative end-joining (alt-EJ). During this form of DSB repair, Polθ performs terminal transferase activity at the 3’ termini of resected DSBs via templated and non-templated nucleotide addition cycles. Since human Polθ is able to modify the 3’ terminal ends of both DNA and RNA with a wide array of large and diverse ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide analogs, its terminal transferase activity is more useful for biotechnology applications than terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Here, we present in detail simple methods by which purified human Polθ is utilized to modify the 3’ terminal ends of RNA and DNA for various applications in ... [摘要]  DNA聚合酶θ(Polθ)是一种混杂的酶,对易错的DNA双链断裂(DSB)修复途径而言是必需的,称为替代性末端连接(alt-EJ)。 在这种形式的DSB修复中,Polθ通过模板和非模板核苷酸添加循环在切割的DSB的3'末端处进行末端转移酶活性。 由于人Polθ能够用广泛的多种核糖核苷酸和脱氧核糖核苷酸类似物修饰DNA和RNA的3'末端,因此其末端转移酶活性对于生物技术应用比末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶(TdT)更有用。 在这里,我们详细介绍使用纯化的人Polθ修饰生物技术和生物医学研究中各种应用的RNA和DNA的3'末端的简单方法。
【背景】人类POLQ基因编码含有N末端超家族2(SF2)型解旋酶结构域和C末端A家族聚合酶结构域的大蛋白质(Sfeir和Symington,2015; Black et al。,2016; Wood and Doublie, 2016)。蛋白质也编码一个大的中心结构域,其功能尚未归入。 Polθ在后生动物中表达,已被证明在DNA复制和修复的多个方面起作用(Black et al。,2016; Wood and Doublie,2016)。最近的工作表明,哺乳动物Polθ对于易于识别的DNA双链断裂(DSB)修复途径而言是必需的,称为替代性末端连接(alt-EJ),也称微小鼠介导的终结合(MMEJ)(Yousefzadeh et al。 ,2014; ...

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