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Lithium chloride

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 203637
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Cell-free Generation of COPII-coated Procollagen I Carriers
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Date:
2017-11-20
[Abstract]  The aim of this protocol is to generate COPII-coated procollagen I (PC1) carriers in a cell-free reaction. The COPII-coated PC1 carriers were reconstituted from donor membrane, cytosol, purified recombinant COPII proteins, and nucleotides. This protocol describes the preparation of donor membrane and cytosol, the assembly of the reaction, and the isolation and detection of reconstituted COPII-coated carriers. This cell-free reaction can be used to test conditions that stimulate or suppress the packaging of PC1 into COPII-coated carriers. [摘要]  该协议的目的是在无细胞反应中产生COPII包被的前胶原I(PC1)载体。 COPII包被的PC1载体由供体膜,胞质溶胶,纯化的重组COPII蛋白和核苷酸重构。 该方案描述了供体膜和细胞溶胶的制备,反应的组装,以及复制的COPII包被的载体的分离和检测。 该无细胞反应可用于测试刺激或抑制PC1包装成COPII包被的载体的条件。
【背景】外壳蛋白复合体II(COPII)在从内质网(ER)途径到高尔基体的运输中起着至关重要的作用。来自ER的货物运输所需的基因在酵母的基因研究中被发现,并且借助于添加有纯化组分的无细胞囊泡萌芽反应来阐明囊泡出芽所需基因的蛋白质产物的精确作用(Novick 1981; Kaiser等人,1990; Barlowe等人,1994)。开发了类似的反应来检测COPII在培养的哺乳动物细胞中来自ER的货物运输中的作用(Kim等人,2005)。哺乳动物COPII包被的囊泡直径大约为80-100nm,似乎太小以至于不能容纳诸如刚性的300nm前胶原I(PC1)三股螺旋杆的大分泌性货物。尽管可能的尺寸差异,COPII对于包括PC1在内的大型货物的分泌是必不可少的(Boyadjiev等人,2006)。最近,我们报道了通过随机光学重建显微镜(STORM),相关光电子显微镜(CLEM)和活细胞成像(Gorur ...

Representation-mediated Aversion as a Model to Study Psychotic-like States in Mice
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Date:
2017-06-20
[Abstract]  Several paradigms for rodent models of the cognitive and negative endophenotypes found in schizophrenic patients have been proposed. However, significant efforts are needed in order to study the pathophysiology of schizophrenia-related positive symptoms. Recently, it has been shown that these positive symptoms can be studied in rats by using representation-mediated learning. This learning measure the accuracy of mental representations of reality, also called ‘reality testing’. Alterations in ‘reality testing’ performance can be an indication of an impairment in perception which is a clear hallmark of positive psychotic-like states. Thus, we describe here a mouse task adapted from previous findings based on a sensory preconditioning task. With this task, associations made between different ... [摘要]  已经提出了在精神分裂症患者中发现的认知和负面内型的啮齿动物模型的几个范例。然而,为了研究精神分裂症相关阳性症状的病理生理学,需要作出重大努力。最近已经表明,通过使用代表介导的学习,可以在大鼠中研究这些阳性症状。这种学习测量了现实心理表征的准确性,也称为“现实测试”。 “现实测试”表现的改变可以表明感知障碍,这是积极的精神病样状态的明显标志。因此,我们在这里介绍一种基于感官预处理任务的以前发现的改编的鼠标任务。通过这项任务,在不同的中性刺激(例如气味和味道)之间进行的协会以及随后的这些刺激之一的选择性贬值使我们能够研究精神感觉表征。因此,这个任务的兴趣在于,它可以用于模拟小鼠中的阳性类似精神状态,如最近所描述的。
【背景】阳性症状(如妄想或幻觉)的存在是精神病样状态的关键特征(美国精神病学协会,2000年和2013年; Tandon,2013年),并且是啮齿动物模型的重大挑战(Wong and Van Tol,2003 ; van den Buuse等人,2005; Mouri等人,2007; Jones等人,2011)。实际上,由于缺乏合适的动物模型(Jones et al。,2011; ...

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