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Potassium hydroxide

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 60377
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The Long-lived Protein Degradation Assay: an Efficient Method for Quantitative Determination of the Autophagic Flux of Endogenous Proteins in Adherent Cell Lines
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Date:
2018-05-05
[Abstract]  Autophagy is a key player in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in eukaryotes, and numerous diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, are associated with alterations in autophagy. The interest for studying autophagy has grown intensely in the last two decades, and so has the arsenal of methods utilised to study this highly dynamic and complex process. Changes in the expression and/or localisation of autophagy-related proteins are frequently assessed by Western blot and various microscopy techniques. Such analyses may be indicative of alterations in autophagy-related processes and informative about the specific marker being investigated. However, since these proteins are part of the autophagic machinery, and not autophagic cargo, they cannot be used to draw ... [摘要]  自噬是维持真核生物细胞稳态的关键因素,包括癌症和神经退行性疾病在内的许多疾病都与自噬的改变有关。研究自噬的兴趣在过去的二十年里急剧增长,并且还有用于研究这种高度动态和复杂过程的方法库。通常通过Western印迹和各种显微镜技术来评估自噬相关蛋白的表达和/或定位中的变化。这样的分析可能表明自噬相关过程的改变,并且关于正在研究的特定标记物的信息。然而,由于这些蛋白质是自噬机制的一部分,而不是自噬性货物,所以它们不能用于得出关于自噬载货流量的结论。在这里,我们提供了一个协议,通过使用长寿命的蛋白质降解测定来定量评估体积自噬流量。我们的程序追踪14 C缬氨酸标记的蛋白质的降解是简单和快速的,允许并行处理相对大量的样品,并且原则上可以与任何贴壁细胞一起使用线。最重要的是,它可以通过自噬途径定量测量内源货物流量。因此,它是研究自噬活动的黄金标准之一。

【背景】脉冲追踪标记方法已用于研究蛋白质周转数十年。在此处描述的长寿命蛋白质降解(LLPD)测定中,培养细胞的蛋白质组用14 ...

Ubiquitin Proteasome Activity Measurement in Total Plant Extracts
Author:
Date:
2017-09-05
[Abstract]  The fine-tuned balance of protein level, conformation and location within the cell is vital for the dynamic changes required for a cell to respond to a given stimulus. This requires the regulated turnover of damaged or short-lived proteins through the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Thus, the protease activity of the proteasome is adjusted to meet the current demands of protein degradation via the UPS within the cell. We describe the adaptation of an intramolecular quenched fluorescence assay utilizing substrate-mimic peptides for the measurement of proteasome activity in total plant extracts. The peptide substrates contain donor-quencher pairs that flank the scissile bond. Following cleavage, the increase in dequenched donor emission of the product is subsequently measured over time ... [摘要]  细胞内的蛋白质水平,构象和位置的微调平衡对于细胞对给定刺激作出反应所需的动态变化是至关重要的。 这需要通过泛素蛋白酶体系统(UPS)调节受损或短寿命蛋白质的周转。 因此,调节蛋白酶体的蛋白酶活性以满足目前通过细胞内的UPS的蛋白质降解的需求。 我们描述了使用底物 - 模拟肽进行分子内淬灭荧光测定来测定总植物提取物中蛋白酶体活性的适应性。 肽底物含有侧向于剪切键的供体 - 猝灭剂对。 切割后,随后随时测量产物的去质子供体发射的增加,并用于计算相对蛋白酶体活性。
【背景】泛素蛋白酶体系统(UPS)是真核细胞中主要的蛋白质降解机制,因此,UPS对许多细胞过程的调节至关重要,包括信号传导,细胞周期,囊泡运输和免疫。用于营业额的蛋白质通过泛素的共价连接标记,然后被26S蛋白酶体降解。 26S蛋白酶体由两个亚颗粒组成,即20S核心蛋白酶(CP),其分隔蛋白酶活性位点和19S调节颗粒,其将适当的底物识别并转移到CP腔中进行分解。调节蛋白酶体活性以维持蛋白酶抑制以响应内部和外部条件的波动。我们最近显示,UPS涉及植物免疫的几个方面,一系列植物和动物病原体颠覆了UPS来增强其毒力(Üstünet al。,2013;üstünet al。,2014;ÜstünandBörnke,2015 ;Üstünet ...

Exopolysaccharide Quantification for the Plant Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum
Author:
Date:
2017-05-20
[Abstract]  Soluble exopolysaccharide is a major virulence factor produced by the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Its massive production during plant infection is associated with the arrest of water flow in xylem vessels leading eventually to plant death. The composition of this heavy macromolecule includes mainly N-acetylgalactosamine. Here we describe a colorimetric method for quantitative determination of the soluble exopolysaccharide present in culture supernatant of R. solanacearum. [摘要]  可溶性外多糖是由植物病原体Ralstonia solanacearum产生的主要毒力因子。植物感染期间的大量生产与木质部血管中的水流停滞有关,最终导致植物死亡。该重大分子的组成主要包括N-乙酰半乳糖胺。这里我们描述了用于定量测定R中培养上清液中可溶性外多糖的比色法。雷尔氏菌。

背景 植物病原体罗勒氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)在群体感应系统的控制下产生胞外多糖,即高细胞密度,高于5×10 7细胞ml -1 (Flavier等人,1997)。外多糖的糖含量包括比例为10:2.5:1的半乳糖胺,葡萄糖和鼠李糖(Drigues等人,1985)。 Brumbley和Denny(1990)最初开发了用于从培养上清液中可靠地提取和定量外多糖的方案,并且最近由Peyraud等人(2016)更新。定量基于使用适应的Elson和Morgan测定法测定大分子的己糖胺含量(Elson和Morgan,1933; Gatt和Berman,1966)。含有N-乙酰基-D-半乳糖胺的外多糖由不同的革兰氏阴性或革兰氏阳性细菌(Vaningelgem等人,2004; Balzaretti等人,2017)产生,以及一些真菌(Lee等人,2015),因此该方案也可适用于这些生物。

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