| In situ Hybridization (ISH) in Preparasitic and Parasitic Stages of the Plant-parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne spp.
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Author:
Date:
2018-03-20
[Abstract] The spatio-temporal expression pattern of a gene provides important indications to better understand its biological function. In situ hybridization (ISH) uses a labeled complementary single-stranded RNA or DNA probe to localize gene transcripts in a whole organism, a whole organ or a section of tissue. We adapted the ISH technique to the plant parasite Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematode) to visualize RNAs both in free-living preparasitic juveniles and in parasitic stages settled in the plant tissues. We describe each step of the probe synthesis, digoxigenin (DIG) labeling, nematode extraction from plant tissue, and ISH procedure.
[摘要] 基因的时空表达模式为更好地理解其生物学功能提供了重要的指示。 原位杂交（ISH）使用标记的互补单链RNA或DNA探针来定位整个生物体，整个器官或一部分组织中的基因转录物。 我们将ISH技术应用于植物寄生虫
【背景】到目前为止，植物寄生性线虫的稳定转化尚未成功。 ISH能够在整个装载的Meloidogyne spp中分析体内时空基因表达。线虫。这些根结线虫在土壤中以微小蚓状幼虫（J2）形式孵化并感染宿主植物根部。 J2s穿透根部并迁移到根部维管柱状细胞。幼虫定居在根部，发育成J3和J4寄生幼鱼，诱导分化专化饲养细胞。线虫最终发育成梨形雌性，将在根表面释放数百个卵。在这里，我们报告了一个详细的协议来检测准备性整体安装J2s和寄生阶段中的单个RNA分子。寄生虫阶段的ISH需要在感染根部提取线虫前一天采取额外的程序。我们描述了在线虫整个组织中使用地高辛（DIG）标记的cDNA探针检测转录物。
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| Organotypic Brain Cultures: A Framework for Studying CNS Infection by Neurotropic Viruses and Screening Antiviral Drugs
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Author:
Date:
2017-11-20
[Abstract] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), at least 50% of emerging viruses endowed with pathogenicity in humans can infect the Central Nervous System (CNS) with induction of encephalitis and other neurologic diseases (Taylor et al., 2001; Olival and Daszak, 2005). While neurological diseases are progressively documented, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in virus infection and dissemination within the CNS are still poorly understood (Swanson and McGavern, 2015; Ludlow et al., 2016). For example, measles virus (MeV) can infect neural cells, and cause a persistent brain infections leading to lethal encephalitis from several months to years after primary infection with no available treatment (Reuter and Schneider-Schaulies, 2010; Laksono et ...
[摘要] 根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的统计，至少有50％的新发病毒具有致病性，可感染中枢神经系统（CNS），并诱发脑炎和其他神经系统疾病（Taylor et al。 >，2001; Olival和Daszak，2005）。虽然神经系统疾病逐渐被记录下来，但涉及病毒感染和在CNS内传播的潜在细胞和分子机制仍然知之甚少（Swanson and McGavern，2015; Ludlow等人，2016）。例如，麻疹病毒（MeV）可以感染神经细胞，并在原发感染后几个月至数年导致持续的脑感染，导致致死性脑炎，而没有可用的治疗（Reuter和Schneider-Schaulies，2010; Laksono等人。，2016）。器官型脑文化（OBC）是病毒学领域的一个合适的模型，以更好地理解中枢神经系统感染。实际上，它不仅可以研究中枢神经系统内嗜神经病毒的感染和传播，而且还可以作为创新性抗病毒策略或分子的筛选模型，如我们最近发表的有关融合抑制肽和HSP90伴侣蛋白活性抑制剂的研究， 17-DMAG（Welsch等人，2013; ...
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| Combination of Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) and Immunofluorescence Imaging for Detection of Cytokine Expression in Microglia/Macrophage Cells
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Author:
Date:
2017-11-20
[Abstract] Microglia and macrophage cells are the primary producers of cytokines in response to neuroinflammatory processes. But these cytokines are also produced by other glial cells, endothelial cells, and neurons. It is essential to identify the cells that produce these cytokines to target their different levels of activation. We used dual RNAscope® fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques to visualize the mRNA expression pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia/macrophages cells. Using these methods, we can associate one mRNA to specific cell types when combining with different cellular markers by immunofluorescence. Results from RNAscope® probes IL-1β, TNFα, TGFβ, IL-10 or Arg1, showed colocalization ...
[摘要] 小神经胶质细胞和巨噬细胞是响应神经炎症过程的细胞因子的主要生产者。但是这些细胞因子也是由其他神经胶质细胞，内皮细胞和神经元产生的。鉴定产生这些细胞因子的细胞以靶向其不同水平的活化是至关重要的。我们使用双RNAscope荧光原位杂交（FISH）和免疫组织化学（IHC）技术来观察小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞中促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子的mRNA表达模式细胞。使用这些方法，我们可以联合一个mRNA与特定的细胞类型时，通过免疫荧光与不同的细胞标志物结合。来自RNAscope探针的结果IL-1β，TNFα，TGFβ，IL-10或Arg1显示与小胶质细胞/巨噬细胞抗体的共定位。这些靶标探针显示出足够的灵敏度和特异性来检测mRNA表达。新的FISH检测技术结合免疫组化技术将有助于共同确定蛋白质和mRNA的定位，以及提供可靠的mRNA表达水平的量化。
【背景】mRNA原位杂交技术是一种有用的工具，其允许以细胞依赖性方式特异性和选择性标记脑切片中的RNA序列（Grabinski等人，2015 ...
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