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Polyethylenimine (PEI)

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 408727
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Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts to Conventional Type 1 Dendritic Cells by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors
Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract]  Ectopic expression of transcription factor combinations has been recently demonstrated to reprogram differentiated somatic cells towards the dendritic cell (DC) lineage without reversion to a multipotent state. DCs have the ability to induce potent and long-lasting adaptive immune responses. In particular, conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1s) excel on antigen cross-presentation, a critical step for inducing CD8+ T cell cytotoxic responses. The rarity of naturally occurring cDC1s and lack of in vitro methodologies for the generation of pure cDC1 populations strongly hinders the study of cDC1 lineage specification and function. Here, we describe a protocol for the generation of induced DCs (iDCs) by lentiviral-mediated expression of the transcription factors PU.1, IRF8 and ... [摘要]  [摘要] 转录因子组合的异位表达最近被证明可以将分化的体细胞重编程为树突状细胞(DC)谱系,而不会回复到多能状态。DC具有诱导有效和持久的适应性免疫应答的能力。在特定的常规类型1的DC(cDC1s)练成抗原交叉呈递,用于诱导CD8的关键步骤+ T细胞的细胞毒性应答。天然存在的cDC1的稀有性和缺乏用于生成纯cDC1群体的体外方法论,严重阻碍了对cDC1谱系规格和功能的研究。在这里,我们描述了用于生成感应DC(iDC)的协议 慢病毒介导的转录因子PU.1,IRF8和BATF3在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中的表达。iDC 在9天内获得DC形态,cDC1表型和转录特征。使用此协议生成的iDC 具有对炎症刺激,吞噬死细胞,将抗原加工并交叉呈递给CD8 + T细胞的功能。DC重新编程提供了一个简单易处理的系统,可以生成大量的cDC1类细胞用于高内涵筛选,从而开辟了新途径,可以更好地了解cDC1的规格和功能。将来,在成纤维细胞中忠实诱导cDC1命运可能会导致产生患者特定的疫苗接种DC。

[背景技术树突状细胞(DC)是专业的抗原呈递细胞,专门用于识别,加工和呈递T细胞抗原,在诱导适应性免疫应答和免疫记忆中起关键作用(Me rad 等,2013)。DC可以分为4个主要子集:浆细胞样DC(pDC ),大量1型干扰素的产生者,循环单核细胞衍生的单核细胞衍生DC 和常规DC(cDC ...

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Genome Editing Tools by a Frameshift Fluorescence Protein Reporter
Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract]  In the last decade, genome editing has been the center of attention as a novel tool for mechanistic investigations and for potential clinical applications. Various genome editing tools like meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALEN), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated genes (Cas), have been developed in recent years. For the optimal use as well as continued developments of these genome editing tools, the evaluation of their efficiencies and accuracies is vital. Here, we present a protocol for a reporter based on frameshift fluorescence protein which we recently developed to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of genome editing tools. In this method, a ~20 bp target sequence ... [摘要]  [摘要] 在过去的十年中,基因组编辑作为一种机制研究和潜在临床应用的新工具已成为关注的焦点。近年来,已开发出各种基因组编辑工具,例如大范围核酸酶,锌指核酸酶(ZFN),转录激活子样基于效应子的核酸酶(TALEN)以及成簇的规则间隔的短回文重复序列(CRISPR)相关基因(Cas)。 。对于这些基因组编辑工具的最佳使用和持续发展,评估其效率和准确性至关重要。在这里,我们介绍了一种基于移码荧光蛋白的报告子方案,我们最近开发了该方案以评估效率和 基因组编辑工具的实用性。在这种方法中,在天蓝色荧光蛋白(CFP)的起始密码子后插入一个约20 bp的包含移码的靶序列,以使其荧光失活,并且只有新的插入/缺失事件会重新激活CFP 荧光。 。为了增加可追溯性,将内部核糖体进入位点和红色荧光蛋白mCherryFP 放置在报告子的下游。由in / del介导的荧光恢复产生的CFP阳性细胞的百分比可以通过荧光测量装置定量,作为基因组编辑频率的读数。作为演示,我们在这里介绍CRISPR-Cas9技术的使用以及流式细胞仪作为荧光变化的读数。

[背景] 基因组编辑工具对于生物学机制的研究以及遗传疾病的预防和/或治疗非常重要(Maeder和Gersbach,2016)。在最近的几十年中,引入了几种基因组编辑工具,包括大范围核酸酶(Epinat 等,2003),锌指核酸酶(ZFN)(Kim ...

GFP-Grb2 Translocation Assay Using High-content Imaging to Screen for Modulators of EGFR-signaling
Author:
Date:
2017-09-05
[Abstract]  High-content screening is a useful tool to understand complex cellular processes and to identify genes, proteins or small molecule compounds that modulate such pathways. High-content assays monitor the function of a protein or pathway by visualizing a change in an image-based readout, such as a change in the localization of a reporter protein. Examples of this can be the translocation of a fluorescently tagged protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus or to the plasma membrane. One protein that is known to undergo such translocation is the Growth Factor Receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) that is recruited to the plasma membrane upon stimulation of a growth factor receptor and subsequently undergoes internalization. We have used GFP-tagged Grb2 previously to identify genes that are involved ... [摘要]  高含量筛选是了解复杂细胞过程和鉴定调节这种途径的基因,蛋白质或小分子化合物的有用工具。高含量测定法通过显现基于图像的读数的变化来监测蛋白质或途径的功能,例如报告蛋白的定位的变化。其实例可以是将荧光标记的蛋白质从细胞质转移到细胞核或质膜。已知发生这种易位的一种蛋白质是生长因子受体结合蛋白2(GRB2),其在刺激生长因子受体并且随后经历内化后被招募到质膜。我们以前用GFP标记的Grb2来鉴定涉及EGFR信号的基因(Petschnigg等,2017)。最终,该测定可以适应于cDNA表达克隆(Freeman等人,2012),并且可用于早期药物发现以鉴定调节或抑制EGFR信号传导和内化的化合物(Antczak和Djaballah,2016)。
【背景】生长因子受体的信号转导对细胞维持正常功能至关重要,因此需要严格控制。生长因子受体的信号转导通过外部配体(例如,表皮生长因子,EGF)与跨膜受体(例如表皮生长因子受体(EGFR))和下游信号级联的活化(Yao等人,2015 )。 EGFR-信号传导的关键调节因子是生长因子受体结合蛋白2(Grb2),其由两个SH3结构域的内部SH2(Src同源性2)结构域组成。 Grb2通过其SH2结构域结合磷酸化酪氨酸残基上的活化生长因子受体,从而将受体活化与SOS-Ras-MAPK(丝裂原活化蛋白激酶)信号级联偶联。 ...

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