| Quantification of Protein Kinase A (PKA) Activity by An in vitro Radioactive Assay Using the Mouse Sperm Derived Enzyme
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Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] In order to acquire fertilizing potential, mammalian sperm must undergo a process known as capacitation, which relies on the early activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA). Frequently, PKA activity is assessed in whole-cell experiments by analyzing the phosphorylation status of its substrates in a western-blot. This technique faces two main disadvantages: it is not a direct measure of the kinase activity and it is a time-consuming approach. However, since PKA can be readily obtained from sperm extracts, in vitro assays such as the “radioactive assay” can be performed using the native enzyme. Unlike western-blot, the radioactive assay is a straightforward technique to evaluate PKA activity by quantification of incorporated 32P into a peptidic ...
[摘要] [Abstract]为了获得受精潜能，哺乳动物的精子必须经历一个被称为电容的过程，这个过程依赖于蛋白激酶A（PKA）的早期激活。通常，在全细胞实验中，通过分析其底物在western-blot中的磷酸化状态来评估PKA的活性。这种技术面临着两个主要的缺点：它不是对激酶活性的直接测量，而且是一种耗时的方法。然而，由于PKA可以很容易地从精子提取物中获得，体外检测如"放射性检测"可以使用原生酶进行。与western-blot不同的是，放射性测定法是一种直接的技术，通过将整合的32P定量到肽类底物中来评价PKA的活性。这种方法很容易允许分析PKA的不同激动剂或拮抗剂。由于小鼠精子是可溶性PKA的丰富来源，这种测定法可以进行简单的分馏，使PKA既可用于体外测试药物对PKA活性的影响，也可用于跟踪PKA活性在增容开始时的变化。
[Background] ...
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| Detection of Intracellular Reduced (Catalytically Active) SHP-1 and Analyses of Catalytically Inactive SHP-1 after Oxidation by Pervanadate or H2O2
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Author:
Date:
2018-01-05
[Abstract] Oxidative inactivation of cysteine-dependent Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) by cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in regulating signal transduction in multiple cell types. The phosphatase activity of most PTPs depends upon a ‘signature’ cysteine residue within the catalytic domain that is maintained in the de-protonated state at physiological pH rendering it susceptible to ROS-mediated oxidation. Direct and indirect techniques for detection of PTP oxidation have been developed (Karisch and Neel, 2013). To detect catalytically active PTPs, cell lysates are treated with iodoacetyl-polyethylene glycol-biotin (IAP-biotin), which irreversibly binds to reduced (S-) cysteine thiols. Irreversible oxidation of SHP-1 after treatment of cells with ...
[摘要] 细胞活性氧（ROS）对半胱氨酸依赖性蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶（PTP）的氧化失活在调节多种细胞类型的信号转导中起关键作用。大多数PTP的磷酸酶活性取决于催化结构域内的“标记”半胱氨酸残基，其在生理pH下保持质子化状态，使其易受ROS介导的氧化。已经开发了用于检测PTP氧化的直接和间接技术（Karisch和Neel，2013）。为了检测催化活性的PTP，用碘乙酰 - 聚乙二醇 - 生物素（IAP-生物素）处理细胞裂解物，所述碘乙酰 - 聚乙二醇 - 生物素（IAP-生物素）不可逆地结合还原的（S-5）半胱氨酸硫醇。使用对磺酸（SO 3）特异性的抗体检测用过钒酸盐或H 2 O 2 2处理细胞后SHP-1的不可逆氧化， H）形式的PTP的保守的活性位点半胱氨酸。在该协议中，我们描述了用于检测造血PTP SHP的还原（S ; active）或不可逆氧化（SO 3 H;非活性）形式的方法-1，尽管这种方法适用于任何细胞类型中的任何半胱氨酸依赖性PTP。
【背景】活性氧（ROS）由细胞NADPH氧化酶和线粒体产生。大多数蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶（PTP）含有保守的催化半胱氨酸，其具有低的解离常数（pKa），其对ROS的氧化非常敏感（Rudyk和Eaton，2014）。 PTP的ROS失活在许多细胞类型中调节酪氨酸激酶介导的信号传导反应中起重要作用。在用ROS H 2 O ...
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| An Affinity-directed Protein Missile (AdPROM) System for Targeted Destruction of Endogenous Proteins
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Author:
Date:
2017-11-20
[Abstract] We recently reported an Affinity-directed PROtein Missile (AdPROM) system for the targeted proteolysis of endogenous proteins of interest (POI) (Fulcher et al., 2016 and 2017). AdPROM consists of the Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein, a Cullin 2 E3 ligase substrate receptor (Bosu and Kipreos, 2008), conjugated to a high affinity polypeptide binder (such as a camelid nanobody) that recognises the target protein in cells. When introduced in cells, the target protein is recruited to the CUL2 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. For target protein recruitment, we have utilised both camelid-derived VHH domain nanobodies as well as synthetic polypeptide monobodies based on the human type III fibronectin domain (Sha et al., 2013; Fridy et ...
[摘要] 我们最近报道了一种针对内源性感兴趣蛋白（POI）的靶向蛋白水解的亲和指导PROtein导弹（AdPROM）系统（Fulcher等人，2016和2017）。 AdPROM由Von Hippel Lindau（VHL）蛋白组成，Cullin 2 E3连接酶底物受体（Bosu and Kipreos，2008），与识别细胞中靶蛋白的高亲和力多肽结合剂（如骆驼科纳米抗体）缀合。当在细胞中引入时，靶蛋白质被招募到CUL2 E3泛素连接酶复合体用于泛素介导的蛋白酶体降解。对于靶蛋白的募集，我们使用了基于人类III型纤连蛋白结构域的骆驼科动物来源的VHH结构域纳米抗体以及合成多肽单体（Sharm等人，2013; Fridy等人。，2014; Schmidt et al。，2016）。在此协议中，我们描述了生成AdPROM构建体及其在人细胞系中用于靶蛋白质破坏的详细方法。 AdPROM允许对POI进行功能表征，并且其目标蛋白质破坏的效率克服了RNA干扰方法的许多局限性，这些方法需要长时间的治疗并与脱靶效应相关联，而CRISPR / Cas9基因编辑并不总是可行的。
【背景】该协议使人们能够在哺乳动物细胞系中设计，构建和表达AdPROM VHL-nano ...
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