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Albumin, bovine serum, fraction V

牛血清白蛋白

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: A3059
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Extraction and Quantification of Polyphosphate (polyP) from Gram-negative Bacteria
Author:
Date:
2018-09-20
[Abstract]  Polyphosphate (polyP), a universally conserved biomolecule, is composed of up to 1,000 phosphate monomers linked via phosphoanhydride bonds. Reaching levels in bacteria that are in the high nmoles per mg protein range, polyP plays important roles in biofilm formation and colonization, general stress protection and virulence. Various protocols for the detection of polyP in bacteria have been reported. These methods primarily differ in the ways that polyP is extracted and/or detected. Here, we report an improved method, in which we combine polyP extraction via binding to glassmilk with a very sensitive PolyP kinase/luciferase-based detection system. By using this procedure, we significantly enhanced the sensitivity of polyP detection, making it potentially applicable for mammalian tissues. [摘要]  多磷酸盐(polyP)是一种普遍保守的生物分子,由多达1,000个通过磷酸酐键连接的磷酸盐单体组成。 达到每毫克蛋白质高纳摩尔细菌的水平,polyP在生物膜形成和定植,一般应力保护和毒力中起重要作用。 已经报道了用于检测细菌中polyP的各种方案。 这些方法主要在于提取和/或检测polyP的方式不同。 在这里,我们报告了一种改进的方法,其中我们结合polyP提取通过结合到玻璃奶与非常敏感的PolyP激酶/荧光素酶检测系统。 通过使用该程序,我们显着增强了polyP检测的灵敏度,使其可能适用于哺乳动物组织。

【背景】聚磷酸盐(polyP)是一种由多达1,000种无机磷酸盐单体的直链组成的生物聚合物,存在于生命的所有三个领域的细胞中。然而,细菌是唯一已经充分研究了polyP代谢酶的生物。将ATP转化为polyP的细菌polyP激酶(PPK)催化正向和反向反应。虽然polyP的合成显然是细胞中有利的反应,但通过在体外提供足够量的ADP ,该酶可用于从polyP产生ATP,使得基于荧光素酶的ATP检测成为可能(Ault -Riché et al。,1998)。缺乏PPK的细菌在生物膜形成,运动性,持久性和各种应激反应方面存在缺陷,并显示出对次卤酸(即,漂白)应激或磷酸盐饥饿的显着增加的敏感性(图1)(Rao et al。,2009; Gray et ...

Lymphocyte Isolation, Th17 Cell Differentiation, Activation, and Staining
Author:
Date:
2016-12-05
[Abstract]  In vitro Th17 (α, β T helper cell which produce IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22) differentiation has been routinely used for functional T cells studies. Here we describe a method for Th17 cell differentiation. [摘要]   Th17(产生IL-17A,IL-17F和IL-22的α,βT辅助细胞)分化已经常规用于功能性T细胞研究。 这里我们描述Th17细胞分化的方法。
关键词: Th17,IL-17,FACS

[背景] T细胞 是介导宿主防御细菌,病毒和真菌以及共生的关键(Kumar等人,2016)。 T细胞可以基于它们产生特异性细胞因子的能力进一步细分为T辅助(Th1),Th2和Th17子集。 幼稚T细胞可以响应于特异性细胞因子刺激在体外培养中分化成特异性T细胞亚群。 体外产生的Th1,Th2和Th17细胞已经帮助我们理解它们的分化和它们的效应子功能的分子机制。 在这里,我们描述了Th17细胞生成的基本协议。

Identification of Methylated Deoxyadenosines in Genomic DNA by dA6m DNA Immunoprecipitation
Author:
Date:
2016-11-05
[Abstract]  dA6m DNA immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (DIP-Seq) is a key tool in identifying and studying the genome-wide distribution of N6-methyldeoxyadenosine (dA6m). The precise function of this novel DNA modification remains to be fully elucidated, but it is known to be absent from transcriptional start sites and excluded from exons, suggesting a role in transcriptional regulation (Koziol et al., 2015). Importantly, its existence suggests that DNA might be more diverse than previously believed, as further DNA modifications might exist in eukaryotic DNA (Koziol et al., 2015). This protocol describes the method to perform dA6m DNA immunoprecipitation (DIP), as was applied to characterize the first dA6m ... [摘要]  原代小胶质细胞,在单一培养或与神经元或星形胶质细胞共培养,是研究在中枢神经系统(CNS)中小胶质炎症反应和细胞类型特异性相互作用的机制的强大工具。这个协议提供了如何从新生小鼠幼崽制备高纯度原代小胶质细胞的细节。总的步骤包括脑细胞解离,混合胶质细胞培养和小胶质细胞分离。

[背景] 近年来,神经炎症已成为神经科学研究的热点领域。在患有各种神经疾病的患者的脑中观察到炎症反应,例如神经胶质激活和细胞因子上调(Fan等人,2015; Koshimori等人,2015;花园和坎贝尔,2016)。神经炎症不仅被认为是脑中病理变化的结果,而且也是疾病进展的原因(Schwartz等人,2013)。此外,炎症通路的生理功能,其重要性以前被低估,正被揭示为惊人的多才多艺。例如,补体信号通路的激活通常在神经疾病的中枢神经系统(CNS)中观察到,并且被怀疑参与疾病病理生理学(Michailidou等人,2015; Loeffler ...

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