| In vitro Reconstitution Assays of Arabidopsis 20S Proteasome
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Author:
Date:
2021-04-05
[Abstract] The majority of cellular proteins are degraded by the 26S proteasome in eukaryotes. However, intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which contain large portions of unstructured regions and are inherently unstable, are degraded via the ubiquitin-independent 20S proteasome. Emerging evidence indicates that plant IDP homeostasis may also be controlled by the 20S proteasome. Relatively little is known about the specific functions of the 20S proteasome and the regulatory mechanisms of IDP degradation in plants compared to other species because there is a lack of systematic protocols for in vitro assembly of this complex to perform in vitro degradation assays. Here, we present a detailed protocol of in vitro reconstitution assay of the 20S proteasome in Arabidopsis by modifying previously ...
[摘要] [摘要]大多数细胞蛋白的s的降解通过26S在真核生物蛋白酶。但是，内在无序的蛋白质（IDPs）包含大量的非结构化区域，并且内在地不稳定，因此很容易通过不依赖泛素的20S蛋白酶体降解。越来越多的证据最近显示ň植物境内流离失所者的平衡也可以通过20S蛋白酶控制。但是，由于缺乏用于体外分离20S蛋白酶体和降解测定的系统协议，因此我们对植物中IDP和20S蛋白酶体降解的功能和调控机制的研究和理解一直处于婴儿期与其他生物。在这里，我们通过采用和修改先前公开的方法，对拟南芥中20S蛋白酶体进行体外重组测定的详细方案。在此获得20S核心蛋白酶体的主要策略是从26S蛋白酶体中去除19S调节亚基。该协议包括两个主要部分：1）的来自表达表位标记的PAG1稳定的转基因品系20S蛋白酶体亲和纯化，的20S蛋白酶（程序AD）的基本组成部分; 2 ）体外20S蛋白酶体降解测定法（方法E）。我们预计该协议将提供一种简单有效的方法来研究体外20S蛋白酶体降解，并促进植物中蛋白质代谢的研究。
[背景]蛋白质的降解通常是通过真核生物中的蛋白酶体来实现的。整合的26S蛋白酶体由两个亚颗粒组成：一个或两个末端的19S调节颗粒（RP），用作蛋白酶体激活剂；和20S核心蛋白酶体（CP），执行降解过程。大多数真核蛋白被多聚泛素化并导入26S蛋白酶体进行降解。然而，含有固有蛋白质无序已发现的区域直接通过破坏一个由20S蛋白酶的泛素依赖性降解（本日产等人，2014） ...
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| T Follicular Helper Cell Coculture Assay
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Author:
Date:
2014-01-05
[Abstract] T follicular helper (Tfh) cells constitute a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help to B cells in germinal centers. Phenotypically, Tfh cells are characterized by their high expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5 that allows their migration into B cell follicles as well as high expression of PD-1, BTLA, the co-stimulatory molecules ICOS and SLAM and the transcription factors BCL6 and cMaf. Tfh cells are the main producers of IL-21 as well as other cytokines like IL-4 and IL-10 critical for B cell survival and differentiation. Tfh cells drive somatic hypermutation and the generation of long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells having an essential role in the development of protective immunity. Developing a coculture system to measure the effects of ...
[摘要] T滤泡辅助（Tfh）细胞构成专门提供对生发中心中的B细胞的帮助的CD4 + T细胞的不同亚群。表型上，Tfh细胞的特征在于其高趋化因子受体CXCR5的表达，其允许它们迁移到B细胞滤泡以及PD-1，BTLA，共刺激分子ICOS和SLAM以及转录因子BCL6和cMaf的高表达。 Tfh细胞是IL-21以及其他细胞因子如IL-4和IL-10对B细胞存活和分化关键的主要生产者。 Tfh细胞驱动体细胞超突变和长寿记忆B细胞和浆细胞的产生在保护性免疫的发展中具有重要作用。开发共培养系统以测量Tfh细胞介导的B细胞帮助的效果是非常感兴趣的进一步我们的Tfh-B细胞相互作用的理解，并允许操纵文化条件调查潜在影响不同的微环境信号或配体/受体相互作用可能对Tfh细胞功能。
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