| A Protocol for Production of Mutant Mice Using Chemically Synthesized crRNA/tracrRNA with Cas9 Nickase and FokI-dCas9
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Author:
Date:
2017-06-05
[Abstract] The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system is the most widely used genome editing tool. A common CRISPR/Cas9 system consists of two components: a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9. Both components are required for the introduction of a double-strand break (DSB) at a specific target sequence. One drawback of this system is that the production of sgRNA in the laboratory is laborious since it requires cloning of an sgRNA sequence, in vitro transcription reaction and sgRNA purification. An alternative to targeting Cas9 activity by sgRNA is to target it with two small RNAs: CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA). Both of these small RNAs can be chemically synthesized which makes the production of ...
[摘要] 聚类规则间隔短回文重复（CRISPR）/ CRISPR相关蛋白9（Cas9）系统是使用最广泛的基因组编辑工具。一个常见的CRISPR / Cas9系统由两个组成部分组成：单导RNA（sgRNA）和Cas9。在特定靶序列引入双链断裂（DSB）需要两种成分。该系统的一个缺点是实验室中sgRNA的生产是费力的，因为它需要在体外转录反应和sgRNA纯化之间克隆sgRNA序列。通过sgRNA靶向Cas9活性的替代方案是用两种小RNA：CRISPR RNA（crRNA）和反式激活性crRNA（tracrRNA）进行靶向。这两种小RNA可以化学合成，这使得与sgRNA相比，这些RNA的产生不那么困难。 CRISPR / Cas9系统的另一个缺点是已经报告了脱靶效应。然而，已经开发了改进形式的Cas9以最小化离靶效应。例如，仅当两个引导RNA在规定的距离内结合相对的链时，切口酶型Cas9（nCas9）和FokI结构域融合的催化无活性的Cas9（FokI-dCas9; fCas9）才诱导DSB。在本协议中，我们描述了使用结合crRNA，tracrRNA和Cas9修饰形式的CRISPR / Cas9系统来生产突变小鼠的实验系统。该方法不仅有利于制备用于基因组编辑系统的试剂，而且可以降低脱靶效应的风险。
背景 ...
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| Bacterial Intracellular Sodium Ion Measurement using CoroNa Green
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Author:
Date:
2017-01-05
[Abstract] The bacterial flagellar type III export apparatus consists of a cytoplasmic ATPase complex and a transmembrane export gate complex, which are powered by ATP and proton motive force (PMF) across the cytoplasmic membrane, respectively, and transports flagellar component proteins from the cytoplasm to the distal end of the growing flagellar structure where their assembly occurs (Minamino, 2014). The export gate complex can utilize sodium motive force in addition to PMF when the cytoplasmic ATPase complex does not work properly. A transmembrane export gate protein FlhA acts as a dual ion channel to conduct both H+ and Na+ (Minamino et al., 2016). Here, we describe how to measure the intracellular Na+ concentrations in living Escherichia coli ...
[摘要] 细菌鞭毛III型出口设备由细胞质ATP酶复合物和跨膜出口门复合物组成，分别由ATP和质子动力（PMF）驱动跨越细胞质膜，并将鞭毛成分蛋白从细胞质转运到远端结束它们的组装发生的鞭毛结构（Minamino，2014）。当细胞质ATPase复合物不能正常工作时，出口门复合物可以利用除PMF之外的钠动力。跨膜出口门蛋白FlhA充当双离子通道，以进行H + 和Na + （Minamino等人，2016）。在这里，我们描述如何使用钠敏感荧光染料CoroNa Green（Minamino等人）测量活细胞大肠杆菌细胞中的细胞内Na+浓度，。，2016）。通过荧光显微镜检测CoroNa Green的荧光强度，可以定量测定细胞内Na +的浓度。
背景 通过荧光成像技术测量细胞内Na +浓度能够在单细胞水平上更精确和定量地进行，因为每个细胞的背景噪声可以通过图像分析程序去除。 Lo <等等。已经建立了用于测量活体中的细胞质Na +浓度的方案。使用钠敏感荧光染料钠绿，并显示细胞质Na +浓度维持在10mM左右。大肠杆菌在0至100mM的外部Na +浓度范围的宽范围内（Lo et al。，2006）。因为CoroNa ...
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| Isolating Taste Buds and Taste Cells from Vallate Papillae of C57BL/6J Mice for Detecting Transmitter Secretion
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Author:
Date:
2016-06-05
[Abstract] Mouse is a well-accepted model for studying taste bud function. Mice readily detect and respond to taste substances that humans consider to have sweet, bitter, salty, sour and umami taste qualities. A great deal of recent research on taste receptors is based on this species. Live mice are needed for these experiments because no alternative in vitro model incorporates all elements of taste transduction and peripheral signaling. The C57BL/6J strain was selected because these mice respond robustly to many taste stimuli and because of variety of transgenic animals, such as PLCβ2-GFP and GAD67-GFP, were derived from that strain. Prior analyses on behavior, nerve responses, cellular electrophysiology and molecular biology, all conducted on C57BL/6J mice will form a solid foundation for ...
[摘要] 鼠标是研究味蕾功能的一个被广泛接受的模式。小鼠容易检测和响应人们认为具有甜味，苦味，咸味，酸味和鲜味的品质的味道。最近对味觉感受器的大量研究是基于这个物种。这些实验需要活的小鼠，因为没有替代的体外模型包含所有的味觉转导和外周信号的元件。选择C57BL / 6J菌株，因为这些小鼠对许多味觉刺激反应强烈，并且由于来自该菌株的多种转基因动物，例如PLCβ2-GFP和GAD67-GFP。对C57BL / 6J小鼠进行的行为，神经反应，细胞电生理学和分子生物学的先前分析将为拟议研究奠定坚实的基础（Finger et al。，2005; Huang and Wu，2015; Huang et al。，2007 ）。因此，新鲜安乐死的动物必须用作味蕾的来源，我们将从中分离出味蕾和味道细胞。
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