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Pyruvic acid

丙酮酸

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 107360
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Preparation of Purified Gram-positive Bacterial Cell Wall and Detection in Placenta and Fetal Tissues
Author:
Date:
2016-12-05
[Abstract]  Cell wall is a complex biopolymer on the surface of all Gram-positive bacteria. During infection, cell wall is recognized by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 causing intense inflammation and tissue damage. In animal models, cell wall traffics from the blood stream to many organs in the body, including brain, heart, placenta and fetus. This protocol describes how to prepare purified cell wall from Streptococcus pneumoniae, detect its distribution in animal tissues, and study the tissue response using the placenta and fetal brain as examples. [摘要]  细胞壁是所有革兰氏阳性菌表面上的复杂生物聚合物。在感染期间,细胞壁被先天免疫受体Toll样受体2识别,引起强烈的炎症和组织损伤。在动物模型中,从血流到体内许多器官(包括脑,心脏,胎盘和胎儿)的细胞壁运输。该协议描述了如何从肺炎链球菌制备纯化的细胞壁,检测其在动物组织中的分布,并且使用胎盘和胎脑作为实例研究组织反应。
关键词: 细胞壁,肽聚糖,细菌炎症,神经增殖,胎儿神经发生,胎盘运输,Toll样受体2配体,肺炎链球菌

/strong>宿主对感染的反应涉及许多细菌组分的识别,包括细胞壁(CW),一种形成所有革兰氏阳性细菌表面的复合大分子。革兰氏阳性细菌的CW由肽聚糖和磷壁酸的共价网络形成。肺炎链球菌是肺炎,败血症和脑膜炎的主要原因,已经成为研究对包括CW在内的革兰氏阳性细菌感染的先天免疫反应的重要模式生物体。  当肺炎链球菌(肺炎球菌)感染时,CW成分在生长期或抗生素诱导的死亡期间从细菌释放,它在血流中循环并穿过细胞屏障,包括胎盘和血脑屏障。 CW组分具有等于或大于完整细菌的炎性活性(Tuomanen等人,1985a和1985b)。 ...

HPLC Analysis of Secreted Organic Acids
Author:
Date:
2016-04-20
[Abstract]  Under certain growth conditions some microorganisms secrete organic acids into the extracellular medium to relieve the accumulation of excess energy carriers, and/or to reduce toxic concentrations of organic acids. For example, a glycogen-deficient ∆glgC mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 secretes pyruvate, acetate, α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoisocaproate and succinate (Davies et al., 2014; Jackson et al., 2015). Secretion of these organic acids functions as a putative energy-spilling mechanism in the absence of glycogen, the major carbon and reductant sink in this organism. Identification of secreted organic acids can facilitate the design of metabolic engineering strategies that funnel over-accumulating organic acids towards metabolic ... [摘要]  在某些生长条件下,一些微生物将有机酸分泌到细胞外介质中以减轻过量能量载体的积累,和/或降低有机酸的有毒浓度。例如,蓝细菌聚集球菌属的糖原缺陷型ΔemggC 突变体。 PCC 7002分泌丙酮酸盐,乙酸盐,α-酮戊二酸盐,α-酮异己酸盐和琥珀酸盐(Davies等人,2014; Jackson等人,2015)。这些有机酸的分泌在不存在糖原的情况下作为推定的能量溢出机制起作用,主要碳和还原剂在该生物体中下沉。分泌的有机酸的鉴定可以促进代谢工程策略的设计,其将过量积聚的有机酸朝向产生感兴趣的产物(例如生物燃料)的代谢途径。在这里,我们描述了使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析胞外介质中分泌的有机酸的方法。该方法被开发用于分析由光合微生物(蓝细菌和藻类)分泌到培养基中的有机酸,但是可以用于分析在液体培养基中培养的任何微生物分泌的有机酸。

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