{{'Search' | translate}}
 

Succinic acid

琥珀酸

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: S3674
Bio-protocol()
Company-protocol()
Other protocol()

Fluorophore-Based Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake Assay
Author:
Date:
2018-07-20
[Abstract]  The physiological importance of mitochondrial calcium uptake, observed in processes such as ATP production, intracellular calcium signaling, and apoptosis, makes desirable a simple, straightforward way of investigating this event with unambiguous results. The following protocol uses a calcium-sensitive, membrane-impermeable fluorophore to monitor extra-mitochondrial calcium levels in the presence of permeabilized mammalian cells harboring activated mitochondria. [摘要]  在诸如ATP产生,细胞内钙信号传导和细胞凋亡的过程中观察到的线粒体钙摄取的生理学重要性使得以明确的结果研究该事件的简单,直接的方式成为可取的。 以下方案使用钙敏感的膜不可渗透的荧光团来监测在具有活化的线粒体的透化的哺乳动物细胞存在下的线粒体外钙水平。

【背景】线粒体钙单向转运蛋白(MCU)介导的钙通量是钙进入线粒体的主要方式。线粒体钙由于几个原因是重要的,其中三个原因经常在文献中引用。其一,线粒体中的钙激活Krebs循环中的关键脱氢酶,导致ATP产生增加。最近的一项研究表明,线粒体钙对F1FO-ATP酶和细胞色素链活性有直接影响(Glancy和Balaban,2012),进一步增强其在细胞能量产生中的关键作用。二,由于MCU的低微摩尔亲和力和大量细胞溶质钙线粒体可以隔离,MCU介导的钙摄取也在清除细胞质钙的瞬时增加中起关键作用,反过来,形成使用钙的细胞信号通路作为第二信使(Wheeler et al。,2012)。三,线粒体钙的调节在细胞凋亡的调节中起重要作用(Zoratti和Szabo,1995)。线粒体钙水平的急剧增加通过诱导内膜中线粒体通透性转换孔的开放而引发细胞死亡,这一事件消除了线粒体内部膜电位并从膜间隙释放细胞色素C,暗黑/ Smac和半胱氨酸蛋白酶( Zoratti和Szabo,1995; ...

HPLC Analysis of Secreted Organic Acids
Author:
Date:
2016-04-20
[Abstract]  Under certain growth conditions some microorganisms secrete organic acids into the extracellular medium to relieve the accumulation of excess energy carriers, and/or to reduce toxic concentrations of organic acids. For example, a glycogen-deficient ∆glgC mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 secretes pyruvate, acetate, α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoisocaproate and succinate (Davies et al., 2014; Jackson et al., 2015). Secretion of these organic acids functions as a putative energy-spilling mechanism in the absence of glycogen, the major carbon and reductant sink in this organism. Identification of secreted organic acids can facilitate the design of metabolic engineering strategies that funnel over-accumulating organic acids towards metabolic ... [摘要]  在某些生长条件下,一些微生物将有机酸分泌到细胞外介质中以减轻过量能量载体的积累,和/或降低有机酸的有毒浓度。例如,蓝细菌聚集球菌属的糖原缺陷型ΔemggC 突变体。 PCC 7002分泌丙酮酸盐,乙酸盐,α-酮戊二酸盐,α-酮异己酸盐和琥珀酸盐(Davies等人,2014; Jackson等人,2015)。这些有机酸的分泌在不存在糖原的情况下作为推定的能量溢出机制起作用,主要碳和还原剂在该生物体中下沉。分泌的有机酸的鉴定可以促进代谢工程策略的设计,其将过量积聚的有机酸朝向产生感兴趣的产物(例如生物燃料)的代谢途径。在这里,我们描述了使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析胞外介质中分泌的有机酸的方法。该方法被开发用于分析由光合微生物(蓝细菌和藻类)分泌到培养基中的有机酸,但是可以用于分析在液体培养基中培养的任何微生物分泌的有机酸。

Assessment of Brown Adipocyte Thermogenic Function by High-throughput Respirometry
Author:
Date:
2015-11-05
[Abstract]  Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has the unique ability to dramatically increase mitochondrial uncoupled fuel oxidation for thermogenesis in response to adrenergic stimulation. A key parameter in assessing brown adipocyte thermogenic capacity is mitochondrial uncoupling as determined by respiration. Measuring mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) therefore provides valuable information to study the regulation and dysregulation of fuel metabolism and energy expenditure. Adding measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential allows for more in-depth interpretation of the respirometry data. Here we provide protocols for measuring respiration in adherent intact and plasma membrane permeabilized brown adipocytes using the Seahorse XF Analyzer. In the protocol Part I, a combination of ... [摘要]  棕色脂肪组织(BAT)具有显着增加线粒体解偶联燃料氧化以响应肾上腺素刺激的热生成的独特能力。评估棕色脂肪细胞产热能力的关键参数是通过呼吸确定的线粒体解偶联。因此,测量线粒体氧消耗率(OCR)为研究燃料代谢和能量消耗的调节和失调提供了有价值的信息。添加线粒体膜电位的测量允许更加深入地解释呼吸数据。在这里我们提供使用Seahorse XF分析仪测量贴壁完整和质膜透性棕色脂肪细胞呼吸的协议。在方案部分I中,去甲肾上腺素和游离脂肪酸的组合用于诱导解偶联呼吸。然后使用ATP合酶抑制剂寡霉素,化学去偶联剂FCCP和复合物III抑制剂抗霉素A分别测量偶联的,最大的和非线粒体的氧消耗。在方案第II部分中,质膜用重组perfringolysin O透化,胆固醇依赖性细胞溶解素寡聚化成在质膜中专门的孔。这允许代谢物可用性的实验性控制,而不从天然细胞环境中分离线粒体。

Comments