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Potassium bicarbonate

碳酸氢钾

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 60339
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In vivo and in vitro 31P-NMR Study of the Phosphate Transport and Polyphosphate Metabolism in Hebeloma cylindrosporum in Response to Plant Roots Signals
Author:
Date:
2018-08-20
[Abstract]  We used in vivo and in vitro phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy to follow the change in transport, compartmentation and metabolism of phosphate in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in response to root signals originating from host (Pinus pinaster) or non-host (Zea mays) plants. A device was developed for the in vivo studies allowing the circulation of a continuously oxygenated mineral solution in an NMR tube containing the mycelia. The in vitro studies were performed on fungal material after several consecutive treatment steps (freezing in liquid nitrogen; crushing with perchloric acid; elimination of perchloric acid; freeze-drying; dissolution in an appropriate liquid ... [摘要]  我们使用体内和体外磷-31核磁共振( 31 P-NMR)光谱来跟踪运输,分区和 外生菌根真菌 Hebeloma cylindrosporum 中的磷酸盐代谢响应来自宿主( Pinus pinaster )或非宿主( Zea mays )的根信号植物。 开发了一种用于体内研究的装置,其允许连续氧化的矿物质溶液在含有菌丝体的NMR管中循环。 在几个连续的处理步骤(在液氮中冷冻;用高氯酸压碎;消除高氯酸;冷冻干燥;在适当的液体培养基中溶解)后,对真菌材料进行体外研究。

【背景】 菌根真菌和植物之间的关联改善了宿主植物的P营养(Smith和Read,2008; Plassard和Dell,2010; Cairney,2011; Smith 等人,,2015)。这种积极效应主要归因于真菌菌丝对磷酸盐(Pi)的吸收,探测了在活跃吸收根周围的耗竭区以外的大量土壤(Smith和Read,2008; Cairney,2011; Smith et al。< em="">,2015)和真菌细胞分泌细胞外磷酸酶(Quiquampoix和Mousain,2005)。吸收的Pi部分地掺入磷酸化的代谢物,磷脂和核酸中,并且部分地浓缩成多磷酸盐(PolyP),其中它们构成液泡中的储存池(Ashford 等人,,1994)。该协议详述了一种装置,该装置允许通过 31 ...

Functional ex-vivo Imaging of Arterial Cellular Recruitment and Lipid Extravasation
Author:
Date:
2017-06-20
[Abstract]  The main purpose of this sophisticated and highly versatile method is to visualize and quantify structural vessel wall properties, cellular recruitment, and lipid/dextran extravasation under physiological conditions in living arteries. This will be of interest for a broad range of researchers within the field of inflammation, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and even the pharmaceutical industry. Currently, many researchers are using in vitro techniques to evaluate cellular recruitment, like transwell or flow chamber systems with cultured cells, with unclear physiological comparability. The here introduced method describes in detail the use of a sophisticated and flexible method to study arterial wall properties and leukocyte recruitment in fresh and viable murine carotid arteries ex ... [摘要]  这种复杂和多功能方法的主要目的是在活体动物的生理条件下可视化和量化结构血管壁性质,细胞募集和脂质/葡聚糖外渗。这对于广泛的炎症,高血压,动脉粥样硬化甚至制药行业的研究人员都是有兴趣的。目前,许多研究人员正在使用体外技术来评估细胞募集,如具有培养细胞的transwell或流动室系统,具有不清楚的生理学可比性。这里介绍的方法详细描述了使用复杂而灵活的方法来研究在动脉血流条件下体外新鲜和活的鼠颈动脉中的动脉壁特性和白细胞募集。该模型模拟体内情况,并允许使用从两个不同供体分离的细胞和动脉(例如,野生型与特异性敲除)组合成一个实验,从而提供关于白细胞和/或内皮细胞特性的信息两个捐助者。因此,该模型可以被认为是复杂和侵入性体内研究的替代方案,例如对比实验。
【背景】该方法的核心是应用双光子激光扫描显微镜(TPLSM)来显示安装在动脉造影腔室中的体外颈动脉,其已显示模拟体内情况下存在的生理条件(Megens et al。,2007)。新鲜的动脉,在我们这种情况下是小鼠颈动脉,但该方法也适用于其他类似大小的血管(包括人类血管)(Bloksgaard等,2015),仔细提取并安装在使用细线的两个玻璃微量移液管的动脉造影室。该腔室应提供足够的空间以用显微镜物镜(优选为具有> ...

Mouse BMDC-dependent T Cell Polarization Assays
Author:
Date:
2016-02-05
[Abstract]  In response to exposure to antigen, T cells whose T cell receptor (TCR) are capable of recognizing the self MHC-antigen derived peptide complex, respond to the antigen and differentiate into one of several subsets, namely TH1, TH2, TH17, Treg, etc. characterized by the signature cytokine they secrete, namely IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 or IL-10, respectively, referred to as syngeneic polarization as the MHC presenting the foreign antigen/epitope is self-derived.

T cell responses following incubation for defined periods, usually 3 days for mouse splenocytes, are routinely measured by assessing the antigen-stimulated proliferation of T cells by measuring the radiolabeled precursor thymidine incorporated into the genomic DNA of the dividing T cell; the direction of polarization ...
[摘要]  响应于暴露于抗原,其T细胞受体(TCR)能够识别自身MHC抗原衍生的肽复合物的T细胞应答抗原,并分化为几个亚类之一,即TH1,TH2,TH17,Treg, 等。其特征在于它们分泌的特征性细胞因子,即IFN-γ,IL-4,IL-17或IL-10,分别称为同基因极化,因为呈递外源抗原/表位的MHC是自身衍生的。通常通过测量掺入分裂T细胞的基因组DNA中的放射性标记的前体胸腺嘧啶,通过评估抗原刺激的T细胞增殖来常规测量对于确定的时间段(通常为小鼠脾细胞3天)孵育后的T细胞应答;通过使用培养上清液的ELISA或通过细胞内细胞因子染色随后通过流式细胞术测量由增殖或非增殖应答性T细胞产生的细胞因子来评估极化方向。在下面详述的方案中,我们描述使用的同源小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞(BMDC)作为APC刺激脾源性T细胞。通过将放射性标记的前体胸苷掺入基因组DNA中来测量T细胞的增殖反应,并通过在72小时期间测量它们分泌的细胞因子即IFN-γ,IL-4和IL-17来评估其极化方向使用ELISA。此外,我们在细胞内细胞因子染色后使用流式细胞术检测CD3 + /CD4 + /CD25低人群中的IL-17阳性T细胞。使用牛分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis) - Bacille Calmette ...

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