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Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate

醋酸镁四水合物

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: M5661
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Molecular Size Analysis of Recombinant Importin-histone Complexes Using Analytical Ultracentrifugation
Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract]  Histones constitute the protein components of nucleosomes. Despite their small sizes, histones do not diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. Instead, they are transported to the nucleus by importins, either alone or in complex with histone chaperones. Determining the molecular size of the importin-histone complexes is key to understanding the mechanism of histone transport and also the potential roles of importins as histone chaperones and in the assembly of nucleosomes. Here we report a simple and reproducible sedimentation-velocity based method to determine the molecular sizes of importin-histone complexes using analytical ultracentrifugation. The method does not use any reporter tags or interaction with column resin thereby analyzing the interactions of the native proteins. [摘要]  [摘要] 组蛋白构成核小体的蛋白质成分。尽管其尺寸很小,但组蛋白不会通过核孔复合物扩散。取而代之的是,它们单独或与组蛋白分子伴侣复合地被重要蛋白转运至细胞核。确定importin-histone复合物的分子大小是理解组蛋白转运机制的关键,也是importins作为组蛋白伴侣和在核小体组装中的潜在作用的关键。在这里,我们报告了一种简单且可重现的沉降速度为基础的方法,该方法使用分析超速离心法来确定importin-histone配合物的分子大小。该方法不使用任何报告子标签或与色谱柱树脂的相互作用,从而分析了天然蛋白质的相互作用。

[背景] 核小体是真核染色质的最基本的结构和功能单元。组蛋白H2A,H2B,H3和H 4是核小体的蛋白质成分。每个核包括147个碱基的DNA wrapp的对编绕Ñ H3-H4四聚体和H2A-H2B二聚体的两个拷贝(Luger的等人,1997年一)。像细胞中的其他蛋白质一样,组蛋白在细胞质中合成。然而,核小体组装在核中。尽管它们的小尺寸(单体是10-15 kDa)的,组蛋白不通过核孔复合物扩散,而是可以单独使用或在复合物与由组蛋白importins伴侣输送要么(约翰逊-SAL IBA 等人,2000 ; Baake 等等人,2001;Mosammaparast 等人,2001,2002a和2002b;Muhlhausser ...

A Method for SUMO Modification of Proteins in vitro
Author:
Date:
2018-10-05
[Abstract]  The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO) is a protein that is post-translationally added to and reversibly removed from other proteins in eukaryotic cells. SUMO and enzymes of the SUMO pathway are well conserved from yeast to humans and SUMO modification regulates a variety of essential cellular processes including transcription, chromatin remodeling, DNA damage repair, and cell cycle progression. One of the challenges in studying SUMO modification in vivo is the relatively low steady-state level of a SUMO-modified protein due in part to the activity of SUMO deconjugating enzymes known as SUMO Isopeptidases or SENPs. Fortunately, the use of recombinant SUMO enzymes makes it possible to study SUMO modification in vitro. Here, we describe a sensitive method for ... [摘要]  小泛素相关修饰物(SUMO)是一种蛋白质,其翻译后添加到真核细胞中并可逆地从其他蛋白质中去除。 SUMO和SUMO途径的酶从酵母到人类都很保守,SUMO修饰调节了多种基本细胞过程,包括转录,染色质重塑,DNA损伤修复和细胞周期进程。 研究SUMO修饰体内的挑战之一是SUMO修饰蛋白的相对低的稳态水平,部分原因是SUMO去缀合酶(SUMO Isopeptidases或SENPs)的活性。 幸运的是,使用重组SUMO酶可以在体外研究SUMO修饰。 在这里,我们描述了一种灵敏的方法,用于检测目标人类蛋白质的SUMO修饰,使用来自兔网织红细胞和放射性标记的氨基酸的体外转录和翻译系统。
【背景】与其他泛素蛋白家族修饰一样,SUMO修饰通过ATP依赖性酶促级联发生,涉及E1激活酶(人类中的Aos1 / Uba2异二聚体),E2结合酶(Ubc9)和许多E3连接之一的连续活性。酶(Gareau和Lima,2010)。具有SUMO缀合共有位点的蛋白质ΨKxE(Ψ是疏水残基,其后是赖氨酸,任何氨基酸和谷氨酸),可以通过哺乳动物中表达的一种或几种SUMO旁系同源物(包括SUMO1,SUMO2)进行有效修饰。或SUMO3(统称为SUMO2 / 3,因为它们的序列同源性为97%)(Gareau和Lima,2010; Flotho和Melchior,2013)。 ...

Isolation of Cytosol, Microsome, Free Polysomes (FPs) and Membrane-bound Polysomes (MBPs) from Arabidopsis Seedlings
Author:
Date:
2017-08-05
[Abstract]  The plant endomembrane system plays vital roles for synthesis, modification and secretion of proteins and lipids. From the classic view, only mRNAs encoding secreted proteins could be targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for translation via a co-translational translocation manner, however, recently this model has been challenged by accumulative evidence that lots of cytosolic mRNAs could also associate with ER, and that some categories of small RNAs are enriched on ER. These results suggested unrevealed functions of ER beyond our current knowledge. The large scale identification of RNAs and proteins on microsome is crucial to demonstrating the ER function and the studies will be boosted by next generation sequencing technology. This protocol provides a technical workflow to isolate ... [摘要]  植物内膜系统对蛋白质和脂质的合成,修饰和分泌起着至关重要的作用。 从经典观点来看,只有编码分泌蛋白质的mRNA才能通过协同翻译方式靶向内质网(ER)进行翻译,然而最近,这一模型已经被大量的细胞溶质mRNA也可能与 ER,并且一些类别的小RNA在ER上富集。 这些结果表明ER的功能超出了目前的知识。 在微粒体上大规模鉴定RNA和蛋白质对于显示ER功能至关重要,研究将由下一代测序技术提升。 该协议提供了从植物组织中分离细胞质,微粒体,游离多聚体(FP)和膜结合多聚体(MBP)的技术工作流程。 分离的级分适用于mRNA,小RNA和蛋白质的基因组广谱分析。
【背景】植物内膜系统对于细胞壁形成,脂质生物合成,蛋白质合成,修饰,折叠和贩运非常重要。根据共翻译易位模型,分泌蛋白N末端的信号肽由细胞溶质多核糖体合成,然后由ER上的信号识别粒子识别,其余蛋白质部分随后在ER上合成。根据该模型,只有编码分泌蛋白的mRNA可以被带到ER进行翻译(Peter和Johnson,1994)。然而,从哺乳动物和植物细胞ER(Lerner等人,2003; de ...

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