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Trisodium citrate dihydrate

柠檬酸三钠二水合物

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: S1804
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Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Mediated Production of Labeled Probes for Single-molecule FISH or RNA Capture
Author:
Date:
2018-03-05
[Abstract]  Arrays of short, singly-labeled ssDNA oligonucleotides enable in situ hybridization with single molecule sensitivity and efficient transcript specific RNA capture. Here, we describe a simple, enzymatic protocol that can be carried out using basic laboratory equipment to convert arrays of PCR oligos into smFISH and RAP probesets in a quantitative, cost-efficient and flexible way. [摘要]  短的,单标记的ssDNA寡核苷酸阵列使得能够与单分子灵敏度和有效的转录物特异性RNA捕获进行原位杂交。 在这里,我们描述了一个简单的酶促协议,可以使用基本的实验室设备将PCR寡核苷酸阵列以定量,成本高效和灵活的方式转换为smFISH和RAP探针组。

【背景】合成来源的多个单标记的短寡核苷酸的使用极大地改进了对特异性转录物的高特异性和单分子灵敏度的检测(Femino等人,1998; Raj等人。,2008)。这种探针分子与经典使用的长核酸探针相比具有改进的穿透性并且需要更温和的杂交条件,从而更好地保存标本的结构(例如,Little等人 >,2015,Gaspar 等,2017a)。由于在该设计中多个寡核苷酸 - 通常24-96-靶向相同转录物的不同部分,因此在非特异性背景上在特异性靶分子上发生信号累积,这与由长的多标记探针产生的相等信号相反(Raj ,2008)。此外,由于单个短探针的标记是定量的 - 与长探针的随机标记相反 - ...

TUNEL Assay to Assess Extent of DNA Fragmentation and Programmed Cell Death in Root Cells under Various Stress Conditions
Author:
Date:
2017-08-20
[Abstract]  DNA damage is one of the common consequences of exposure to various stress conditions. Different methods have been developed to accurately assess DNA damage and fragmentation in cells and tissues exposed to different stress agents. However, owing to the presence of firm cellulosic cell wall and phenolics, plant cells and tissues are not easily amenable to be subjected to these assays. Here, we describe an optimized TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) assay-based protocol to determine the extent of DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death in plant root cells subjected to various stress conditions. The method described here has the advantages of simplicity, reliability and reproducibility. [摘要]  DNA损伤是暴露于各种压力条件的常见后果之一。 已经开发了不同的方法来准确评估暴露于不同应激剂的细胞和组织中的DNA损伤和碎裂。 然而,由于纤维素细胞壁和酚类物质的存在,植物细胞和组织不容易进行这些测定。 在这里,我们描述了优化的TUNEL(末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP切口标记)测定方法,以确定经受各种应激条件的植物根细胞中DNA片段化和程序性细胞死亡的程度。 这里描述的方法具有简单,可靠和重复性好的优点。
【背景】暴露于各种压力通常导致至少一定程度的DNA损伤,导致各种损伤,例如胸腺嘧啶二聚化,碱基烷基化,单链缺口和双链断裂(Bray和West,2005; Manova和Gruszka,2015)。在所有类型的DNA损伤中,DNA片段化在应激条件下特别令人关注,这可能是应激的直接影响(如用基因毒素治疗方法所观察到的)或间接作用(主要是通过过度产生的活性氧),甚至可能是两者的累积结果(Bray和West,2005; Kapoor等,2015)。这种DNA损伤必须由细胞的修复机械精确修复,否则可能会导致细胞死亡。为了维持正常状态,细胞利用依赖于三个非排他事件的DNA损伤反应。检测/识别损坏,其通过维修机械的访问,最后修复(Smerdon,1991)。
   在细胞水平上应力适应的主要分子机制之一涉及对由于应激引起的受损DNA的DNA损伤和/或有效修复的抗性。因此,为了评估基因型的应激适应性,通常需要对DNA损伤进行准确评估。两种广泛用于检测植物DNA断裂的测定法是单细胞凝胶电泳 ...

Culture of Megakaryocytes from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Author:
Date:
2015-11-05
[Abstract]  Megakaryocytes are the precursor cells of platelets and are bona fide resident cells in the bone marrow but extremely low in numbers (~1% of total nucleated cells). Upon terminal differentiation, megakaryocytes increase their size, become polyploid and develop a demarcation membrane system. Mature megakaryocytes form proplatelets, which are cytoplasmic extensions that protrude through the endothelial cell layer of venous sinusoids within the bone marrow, entering into the blood circulation and, subsequently, releasing platelets. Despite limited in numbers, megakaryocytes have been successfully isolated from bone marrow (Tolhurst et al., 2012), adult peripheral blood (Mazur et al., 1990; Thornton et al., 1999), cord blood (Sun et al., 2004) and ... [摘要]  巨核细胞是血小板的前体细胞,并且是骨髓中的真正的驻留细胞,但数量非常低(约1%的总有核细胞)。在终末分化时,巨核细胞增加其大小,变成多倍体并形成分界膜系统。成熟巨核细胞形成前血小板,其是突出穿过骨髓内的静脉窦内皮的内皮细胞层的细胞质延伸,进入血液循环并随后释放血小板。尽管数量有限,但已经成功地从骨髓中分离出巨核细胞(Tolhurst等人,2012),成人外周血(Mazur等人,1990; Thornton (2004),以及来自胚胎干细胞(Pick等人,2013);脐带血(Sun等人,2004) Eto等人,2002)。这些方法依赖于使用针对巨核细胞表面标记(即CD41或CD42b)的抗体来分离富集的巨核细胞群的免疫染色。在这里,我们描述了一种培养方法,其中巨核细胞可以在体外从人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)直接生长和分化,而不需要初始分离CD34 + sup/+细胞。该方法基于先前公开的来自PBMC的人类红细胞祖细胞的培养方法(Borg等人,2010; Leberbauer等人,2005)。尽管在该培养方法中巨核细胞的纯度不是100%,但是可以使用BSA梯度或细胞分选技术进一步分离巨核细胞的富集级分。此外,我们的方法提供了在尚未分化的巨核细胞的最小扩增后冷冻培养物的可能性,与新鲜的不间断培养物相比,其在解冻后将产生相等的巨核细胞培养物。由于这已被证明难以与CD34 + ...

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