| Observation of Pneumococcal Phase Variation in Colony Morphology
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Author:
Date:
2017-08-05
[Abstract] Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen that causes pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and otitis media. This bacterium normally resides in the nasopharynx as a commensal, but sometimes disseminates to sterile sites of humans and causes local or systemic inflammation. This biphasic behavior of S. pneumoniae is correlated with a reversible switch between the opaque and transparent colony forms on agar plates, a phenomenon referred to as phase variation. The opaque variants appear to be more virulent in animal models of bacteremia but are deficient in nasopharyngeal colonization animal models. In contrast, the transparent variants display higher levels of nasopharyngeal colonization but relatively lower virulence in animal models. We have ...
[摘要] 肺炎链球菌（肺炎球菌）是导致肺炎，脑膜炎，败血症和中耳炎的重要人类病原体。这种细菌通常作为共生体存在于鼻咽中，但有时会传播到人类的无菌部位并导致局部或全身炎症。这种双相行为。肺炎支原体与琼脂平板上的不透明和透明集落形式之间的可逆转换相关，这称为相变。不透明变体在菌血症的动物模型中似乎更具毒性，但在鼻咽定殖动物模型中是缺陷的。相比之下，透明变体在动物模型中显示较高水平的鼻咽定植，但相对较低的毒力。我们最近证实，这两种菌落类型之间的肺炎球菌相变是由基因组DNA甲基化（或表观遗传）模式的可逆转换引起的，由DNA甲基转移酶基因的DNA反转驱动。菌落形态的观察是区分具有不同特征（如大小，颜色和不透明度）的菌落的简单且有用的方法。该方案描述了如何利用解剖显微镜研究集落形态的肺炎球菌相变。
【背景】肺炎链球菌是全球儿童细菌性肺炎，脑膜炎和败血症的主要原因（Walker等人，2013）。这种病原体在适应人类宿主的各种生态环境中的成功取决于其显着的表型可塑性（Croucher等人，2013; Johnston等人，，2014a） ，其已被荚膜多糖和表面蛋白质中的菌株间抗原变异反映（Croucher等人，2013和2011），获得新的毒力因子（Park等人， ...
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| Establishment of Patient-Derived Xenografts in Mice
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Author:
Date:
2016-11-20
[Abstract] Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models for cancer research have recently attracted considerable attention in both the academy and industry (Hidalgo et al., 2014; Wilding and Bodmer, 2014). PDX models have been developed from different tumor types including lung cancer to improve the drug development process. These models are used for pre-clinical drug evaluation and can be used for the predictive results of clinical outcomes because they conserve original tumor characteristics such as heterogeneity, complexity and molecular diversity (Kopetz et al., 2012). Additionally, PDX model provides the potential tool for the personalized drug therapy. In this protocol, we present methods for the establishment of PDX in mice using primary tumor tissues from patients with small cell ...
[摘要] 用于癌症研究的患者衍生的异种移植（PDX）模型最近在学术和工业中引起了相当大的关注（Hidalgo等人，2014; Wilding和Bodmer，2014）。 PDX模型已经从不同的肿瘤类型开发，包括肺癌，以改善药物开发过程。 这些模型用于临床前药物评价，并且可用于临床结果的预测结果，因为它们保留原始肿瘤特征，例如异质性，复杂性和分子多样性（Kopetz等人，2012） 。 此外，PDX模型为个性化药物治疗提供了潜在的工具。 在该协议中，我们提出了使用来自小细胞肺癌（SCLC）患者的原发性肿瘤组织在小鼠中建立PDX的方法。
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| Mouse Models of Uncomplicated and Fatal Malaria
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Author:
Date:
2015-07-05
[Abstract] Mouse models have demonstrated utility in delineating the mechanisms underlying many aspects of malaria immunology and physiology. The most common mouse models of malaria employ the rodent-specific parasite species Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, and P. chabaudi, which elicit distinct pathologies and immune responses and are used to model different manifestations of human disease. In vitro culture methods are not well developed for rodent Plasmodium parasites, which thus require in vivo maintenance. Moreover, physiologically relevant immunological processes are best studied in vivo. Here, we detail the processes of infecting mice with Plasmodium, maintaining the parasite in vivo, and monitoring parasite levels ...
[摘要] 小鼠模型已经证明了用于描绘疟疾免疫学和生理学的许多方面的机制的效用。 最常见的疟疾小鼠模型使用啮齿动物特异性寄生虫物种伯氏疟原虫 。 yoelii 和 P。 chabaudi ，其引起不同的病理学和免疫应答，并用于模拟人类疾病的不同表现。 体外培养方法对于啮齿动物疟原虫寄生虫不是很好发展，因此需要在体内维持。 此外，生理相关的免疫过程最好在体内研究。 在这里，我们详细的感染小鼠与疟原虫，维持寄生虫体内，并监测寄生虫水平和健康参数整个感染的过程。
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