| Generation of Mitochondrial-nuclear eXchange Mice via Pronuclear Transfer
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Author:
Date:
2016-10-20
[Abstract] The mitochondrial paradigm for common disease proposes that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation can contribute to disease susceptibility and progression. To test this concept, we developed the Mitochondrial-nuclear eXchange (MNX) model, in which isolated embryonic pronuclei from one strain of species are implanted into an enucleated embryo of a different strain of the same species (e.g., C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN, Mus musculus), generating a re-constructed zygote harboring nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from different strains. Two-cell embryos are transferred to the ostia of oviducts in CD-1 pseudopregnant mice and developed to term. Nuclear genotype and mtDNA haplotype are verified in offspring, and females selected as founders for desired MNX colonies. By ...
[摘要] 从植物组织提取的缩合单宁是酚醛树脂的合适替代物。它们的可能影响它们的化学反应性的分子结构可以通过在酸硫解和MALDI-TOF质谱之后使用HPLC-UV来评估。用半胱胺盐酸盐在酸性甲醇中溶解植物提取物导致缩合的单宁寡聚体的单体单元的释放，其可以通过与分析标准比较通过反相HPLC-UV进一步定量。使用2,5-二羟基苯甲酸作为基质和K sup +作为阳离子化试剂的MALDI-TOF质谱分析突出了单宁的分子结构特征（例如单体单元序列）低聚物。该方法允许估计平均和最大（可观察）聚合度，单体单元的类型和单宁单体的糖基化和/或酯化的存在。
[背景] 缩合单宁是由可从几种植物组织（例如软木树皮）中提取的黄烷-3-醇单体单元组成的多酚低聚物。它们已被认为是树脂配方（例如木材粘合剂和泡沫材料）中合成酚醛树脂的合适替代品。在缩合鞣酸中检测到的最常见的黄烷-3-醇单体，其羟基化模式和立体化学不同，如图1所示。
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图1.在缩合单宁结构中确定的最常见的单体
低聚物中单体单元的具体结构和聚合度强烈影响单宁的化学反应性和物理性质，例如与醛的缩合反应速率，重金属螯合能力和水溶液的粘度溶液（Pizzi和Stephanou，1994; ...
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| Mouse Transient Global Ischemia Two-Vessel Occlusion Model
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Author:
Date:
2012-09-20
[Abstract] Transient global ischemia in rodents induces delayed death of hippocampal CA1 neurons, as well as in some hilar neurons of the dentate gyrus, medium aspiny neurons of the striatum, pyramidal neurons in neocortical layers II, V and VI, and Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. In contrast to focal ischemia that mimics regional stroke in humans, this model of global ischemia mimics the brain injury that occurs after human cardiac arrest. Early events include caspase activation, cleavage of anti-death Bcl-2 family proteins and large mitochondrial channel activity. Genetically engineered mice provide opportunities for study such as the knock-in mouse expressing a caspase-resistant form of Bcl-xL found to exhibit markedly reduced mitochondrial channel activity and reduced vulnerability to ...
[摘要] 啮齿类动物的瞬时全局性缺血诱导海马CA1神经元的延迟死亡，以及在齿状回的一些肝门神经元，纹状体的中度aspiny神经元，新皮质层II，V和VI中的锥体神经元和小脑的浦肯野神经元。与模拟人类的局部中风的局部缺血相反，这种全局缺血模型模拟了在人类心脏骤停后发生的脑损伤。早期事件包括胱天蛋白酶活化，抗死亡Bcl-2家族蛋白的切割和大线粒体通道活性。基因工程小鼠提供了研究的机会，如敲入小鼠表达的caspase抗性形式的Bcl-xL发现表现出显着减少的线粒体通道活动和减少缺血诱导的神经元死亡的脆弱性1。因此，适应和开发一个简单的协议，以在小鼠中产生瞬时全局缺血是相关的。双血管闭塞模型已被专门开发以在小鼠中提供最佳结果，并且相对于传统上用于大鼠的四脉管闭塞模型提供了若干优点，包括相对容易的程序以及仅一天的手术。然而，应当注意，与其他缺血模型相比，该程序具有更高的发病率以及更高程度的变异性。这两个缺点需要使用更大的动物群，对于许多健康的育种转基因动物是非威慑因子。
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