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SODIUM CHLORIDE

氯化钠

Company: AMRESCO
Catalog#: 0241
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TUNEL Assay to Assess Extent of DNA Fragmentation and Programmed Cell Death in Root Cells under Various Stress Conditions
Author:
Date:
2017-08-20
[Abstract]  DNA damage is one of the common consequences of exposure to various stress conditions. Different methods have been developed to accurately assess DNA damage and fragmentation in cells and tissues exposed to different stress agents. However, owing to the presence of firm cellulosic cell wall and phenolics, plant cells and tissues are not easily amenable to be subjected to these assays. Here, we describe an optimized TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) assay-based protocol to determine the extent of DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death in plant root cells subjected to various stress conditions. The method described here has the advantages of simplicity, reliability and reproducibility. [摘要]  DNA损伤是暴露于各种压力条件的常见后果之一。 已经开发了不同的方法来准确评估暴露于不同应激剂的细胞和组织中的DNA损伤和碎裂。 然而,由于纤维素细胞壁和酚类物质的存在,植物细胞和组织不容易进行这些测定。 在这里,我们描述了优化的TUNEL(末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP切口标记)测定方法,以确定经受各种应激条件的植物根细胞中DNA片段化和程序性细胞死亡的程度。 这里描述的方法具有简单,可靠和重复性好的优点。
【背景】暴露于各种压力通常导致至少一定程度的DNA损伤,导致各种损伤,例如胸腺嘧啶二聚化,碱基烷基化,单链缺口和双链断裂(Bray和West,2005; Manova和Gruszka,2015)。在所有类型的DNA损伤中,DNA片段化在应激条件下特别令人关注,这可能是应激的直接影响(如用基因毒素治疗方法所观察到的)或间接作用(主要是通过过度产生的活性氧),甚至可能是两者的累积结果(Bray和West,2005; Kapoor等,2015)。这种DNA损伤必须由细胞的修复机械精确修复,否则可能会导致细胞死亡。为了维持正常状态,细胞利用依赖于三个非排他事件的DNA损伤反应。检测/识别损坏,其通过维修机械的访问,最后修复(Smerdon,1991)。
   在细胞水平上应力适应的主要分子机制之一涉及对由于应激引起的受损DNA的DNA损伤和/或有效修复的抗性。因此,为了评估基因型的应激适应性,通常需要对DNA损伤进行准确评估。两种广泛用于检测植物DNA断裂的测定法是单细胞凝胶电泳 ...

Aggregation Prevention Assay for Chaperone Activity of Proteins Using Spectroflurometry
Author:
Date:
2017-01-20
[Abstract]  The ability to stabilize other proteins against thermal aggregation is one of the major characteristics of chaperone proteins. Molecular chaperones bind to nonnative conformations of proteins. Folding of the substrate is triggered by a dynamic association and dissociation cycles which keep the substrate protein on track of the folding pathway (Figure 1). Usually molecular chaperones exhibit differential affinities with different conformations of the substrate. With the exception of the sHsp family of molecular chaperones, the shift from a high-affinity binding state to the low-affinity release state is triggered by ATP binding and hydrolysis (Haselback and Buchner, 2015). Aggregation prevention assay is a simple, yet definitive assay to determine the chaperone activity of heat labile ... [摘要]  稳定其他蛋白质抵抗热聚集的能力是伴侣蛋白质的主要特征之一。分子伴侣与蛋白质的非构象构象结合。通过动态关联和解离循环来触发底物的折叠,这些循环使底物蛋白保持在折叠通路上(图1)。通常分子伴侣表现出与底物不同构象的差异亲和力。除了分子伴侣的sHsp家族之外,从高亲和力结合状态向低亲和力释放状态的转变由ATP结合和水解引发(Haselback和Buchner,2015)。聚集预防测定是一种简单但尚未确定的测定法,用于确定热不稳定蛋白质如麦芽糖糊精葡糖苷酶(MalZ),柠檬酸盐合酶(CS)和Nde I的伴侣活性。这是基于具有伴侣相似活性的蛋白质预防来自热聚集的蛋白质底物(MalZ,CS和Nde I)的前提。在这里,我们描述了使用我们实验室鉴定的两种不同伴侣蛋白,抵抗素和MoxR1的聚合预防测定的详细方案。分析抗性蛋白(hRes)和MoxR1 a结核分枝杆菌蛋白质对预防MalZ /柠檬酸合酶(CS)/ Nde I聚集的影响。

背景
图1.分子伴侣的作用机制。柠檬酸合酶通过越来越多的结构化中间体(I <1>,2 ...

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Cone Photoreceptors
Author:
Date:
2016-07-20
[Abstract]  Photoreceptors are specialized retinal neurons able to respond to light in order to generate visual information. Among photoreceptors, cones are involved in colors discrimination and high-resolution central vision and are selectively depleted in macular degenerations and cone dystrophies. A possible therapeutic solution for these disorders is to replace degenerating cells with functional cones. Here, we describe a simple protocol for the rapid production of large amount of cone photoreceptors from human pluripotent stem cells. The differentiation protocol is based on the “default pathway” of neural induction using the BMP, TGFβ and WNT antagonist COCO. [摘要]  光感受器是能够响应光以产生视觉信息的专门的视网膜神经元。 在光感受器中,视锥细胞参与颜色辨别和高分辨率中心视觉,并且选择性缺失黄斑变性和视锥营养不良。 这些疾病的可能的治疗溶液是用功能性锥体代替变性细胞。 在这里,我们描述了一个简单的协议,从人类多能干细胞快速生产大量的锥形感光细胞。 分化方案基于使用BMP,TGFβ和WNT拮抗剂COCO的神经诱导的"默认途径"。

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