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Copper(II) sulfate

硫酸铜(II)

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 451657
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Implementation of Blue Light Switchable Bacterial Adhesion for Design of Biofilms
Author:
Date:
2018-06-20
[Abstract]  Control of bacterial adhesions to a substrate with high precision in space and time is important to form a well-defined biofilm. Here, we present a method to engineer bacteria such that they adhere specifically to substrates under blue light through the photoswitchable proteins nMag and pMag. This provides exquisite spatiotemporal remote control over these interactions. The engineered bacteria express pMag protein on the surface so that they can adhere to substrates with nMag protein immobilization under blue light, and reversibly detach in the dark. This process can be repeatedly turned on and off. In addition, the bacterial adhesion property can be adjusted by expressing different pMag proteins on the bacterial surface and altering light intensity. This protocol provides light ... [摘要]  在空间和时间上高精度地控制细菌粘附到基底对于形成明确的生物膜是重要的。 在这里,我们提出了一种方法来设计细菌,使其在蓝光下通过光可切换蛋白质nMag和pMag特异性地粘附在基底上。 这为这些交互提供了精妙的时空遥控。 工程菌在表面上表达pMag蛋白,以便它们可以在蓝光下与nMag蛋白固定化的基质粘附,并在黑暗中可逆地分离。 该过程可以重复开启和关闭。 此外,通过在细菌表面表达不同的pMag蛋白质并改变光强度可以调节细菌粘附性质。 该协议提供了可高度空间和时间分辨率的细菌粘附的光可切换,可逆和可调控制,这使我们能够以极大的灵活性在基底上图案化细菌。

【背景】控制生物膜形成对于了解细菌在自然发生的生物膜中的社会相互作用至关重要(Flemming et。,2016)。这对生物膜在生物催化,生物传感和废物处理中的生物技术应用也特别重要(Zhou等人,2013; Jensen等人,2016)。生物膜的形成始终始于细菌与底物的粘附,这决定了生物膜中的空间组织(Liu等人,2016; Nadell等人,2016)。已经提出了许多策略来控制细菌粘附,例如通过脂质体融合利用生物正交反应基团修饰细菌表面(Elahipanah等,2016),将粘附分子固定在基质上(Sankaran等,等),2015; Zhang等人,2016; ...

Extraction and Activity of O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) from Microalga Chlorella sorokiniana
Author:
Date:
2017-06-20
[Abstract]  O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) is an enzyme catalysing the reaction of inorganic sulphide with O-acetylserine to form the S-containing amino acid L-cysteine. Here we describe an improved protocol to evaluate the activity of this enzyme from the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana. It is a colorimetric assay based on the reaction between cysteine, the product of OASTL activity, and ninhydrin reagent, which forms a thiazolidine (Thz). [摘要]  O-乙酰丝氨酸(硫醇)裂解酶(OASTL)是催化无机硫化物与O-乙酰丝氨酸反应形成含S氨基酸L-半胱氨酸的酶。 在这里我们描述一个改进的方案来评估这种酶从微藻小球藻的活性。 它是基于半胱氨酸(OASTL活性的产物)和形成噻唑烷(Thz)的茚三酮试剂之间的反应的比色测定。
【背景】在古代,细菌,微藻和植物中,半胱氨酸(Cys)的合成代表了同化硫酸盐还原的决定性阶段(Hell和Wirtz,2008)。 Cys生物合成是硫同化的最后一步,由丝氨酸乙酰转移酶(SAT,EC 2.3.1.30)和O-乙酰丝氨酸(硫醇)裂解酶(OASTL,EC 4.2.99.8)催化的两个相互连接的反应进行(Salbitani等,2014 ; Carfagna等,2015)。
OASTLs催化O-乙酰丝氨酸(OAS)和硫化物之间的反应形成Cys和乙酸酯(图1)。
在血管植物中,OASTLs位于叶绿体,线粒体和胞质溶胶中,具有不同的Cys合成功能(Jost等,2000; Birke等,2013)。在微藻中,OASTLs主要在叶绿体中主要定位(Merchant et al。,2007; Bromke,2013)。然而,在小球藻Sorokiniana中,发现两种同种型,氯代和胞质OASTL,在S剥夺条件下(Carfagna等,2011)。
许多研究人员已经制定和修改了确定植物和细菌中OASTLs活性的方案(Gaitonde,1967; ...

Analytical Gel Filtration for Probing Heavy Metal Transfer between Proteins
Author:
Date:
2016-08-05
[Abstract]  Heavy metals can cause damage to biomolecules such as proteins and DNA in multiple ways. Cells therefore strive for keeping intracellular (heavy) metal ions bound to specific proteins that are capable of handling detoxification, export or integration as cofactors. Metal binding proteins usually provide specific coordination sites that bind certain ions with ultrahigh affinity, with the thermodynamic driving force being the stability of organometallic complexes. However, the metal binding properties of these proteins can be highly variable. Therefore the transfer of specific ions between separate proteins or even between distinct binding sites located on one and the same protein does not always follow affinity gradients, but depends on particular protein interactions that are difficult to ... [摘要]  重金属可以以多种方式对生物分子例如蛋白质和DNA造成损害。因此,细胞努力保持细胞内(重)金属离子结合到能够处理解毒,输出或整合作为辅因子的特定蛋白质。金属结合蛋白通常提供结合某些离子的特异性配位位点,具有超高的亲和力,热力学驱动力是有机金属配合物的稳定性。然而,这些蛋白质的金属结合性质可以是高度可变的。因此,在分开的蛋白质之间或甚至在位于同一蛋白质上的不同结合位点之间的特异性离子的转移不总是遵循亲和梯度,而是取决于难以预测的特定蛋白质相互作用。我们建立了一种适合探测两种蛋白质之间的金属转移的方法,只要这些蛋白质可以进行纯化和体外处理。它由金属负载,共孵育和金属交换蛋白的分离,随后确定结合金属含量。该方法通过我们探测膜 - 外在金属结合结构域MBD2和来自大肠杆菌的铜输出ATP酶的跨膜结构域的膜 - 外部金属结合结构域MBD2之间的铜(I)转移的实验数据来举例说明(Drees < em=""> 。,2015)。

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