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Antimycin A from Streptomyces sp.

来自链霉菌属

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: A8674
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Functional Evaluation of the Signal Peptides of Secreted Proteins
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Date:
2018-05-05
[Abstract]  Here, we describe a method that can be used to evaluate the function of predicted signal peptides. This method utilizes the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae YTK12 strain and pSUC2 vector in which the pSUC2 vector with fused predicted signal peptide is transformed into yeast. The function of the signal peptides can be evaluated by using different selective media and color reaction. In this protocol, we provide the detailed description of manipulation in order to implement easily. [摘要]  在这里,我们描述了一种可用于评估预测信号肽功能的方法。 该方法利用酵母酿酒酵母YTK12菌株和pSUC2载体,其中将具有融合的预测信号肽的pSUC2载体转化到酵母中。 信号肽的功能可以通过使用不同的选择性培养基和显色反应来评估。 在这个协议中,我们提供了操作的详细描述以便轻松实现。

【背景】微生物真核生物,如真菌和卵菌,可以分泌丰富的蛋白质来发挥各种功能。目前,从氨基酸序列预测信号肽的最广泛使用的方法是使用软件SignalP(Petersen等人,2011)。酵母YTK12菌株为转化酶阴性,pSUC2载体含有转化酶基因但缺少甲硫氨酸(Met)和信号肽序列,因此YTK12菌株和pSUC2载体广泛用于肽分泌的生物学评价(Jacobs等人 >,1997; Oh等人,2009)。此外,颜色反应可用于验证结果,因为转化酶的酶活性可以通过将2,3,5-三苯基氯化四唑(TTC)还原成不溶性红色1,3,5-三苯甲forma胺(TPF )。尽管该方法一般用于评估信号肽的功能,但没有关于该方法的具体和详细的信息(Oh等人,2009; Song等人 >,2015)。在这里,我们描述了一种改进的高效酵母转化方法(Gietz和Schiestl,2007)和详细的方案来评估信号肽的功能,这将是分泌蛋白质研究的主要部分。

Determination of the H+-ATP Synthase and Hydrolytic Activities
Author:
Date:
2016-08-20
[Abstract]  The H+-ATP synthase of the inner mitochondrial membrane utilizes the proton gradient generated by the respiratory chain to synthesize ATP. Under depolarizing conditions, it can function in reverse by hydrolyzing ATP to generate a proton gradient. The protocols presented here allow the facile determination of both the synthetic and hydrolytic activities of the H+-ATP synthase in isolated mitochondria and in permeabilized mammalian cells. Since the protocol requires the isolation of polarized and well-coupled mitochondria, first we describe the protocol for mitochondrial isolation from mouse tissues. Second, we describe the protocol for measuring the ATP synthetic activity as end-point and kinetic modes in isolated mitochondria and in permeabilized cells. Finally, we ... [摘要]  内线粒体膜的H sup + -ATP合酶利用呼吸链产生的质子梯度来合成ATP。 在去极化条件下,它可以通过水解ATP产生质子梯度而反向作用。 本文提供的方案允许容易地测定分离的线粒体和透化的哺乳动物细胞中H sup + -ATP合酶的合成和水解活性。 由于该协议需要极化和良好耦合的线粒体的分离,首先我们描述线粒体从小鼠组织分离的协议。 第二,我们描述了用于测量ATP合成活性作为终点和在分离的线粒体和透化细胞中的动力学模式的方案。 最后,我们描述了用于测定酶在分离的线粒体中的ATP水解活性的方案。

Assessment of Brown Adipocyte Thermogenic Function by High-throughput Respirometry
Author:
Date:
2015-11-05
[Abstract]  Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has the unique ability to dramatically increase mitochondrial uncoupled fuel oxidation for thermogenesis in response to adrenergic stimulation. A key parameter in assessing brown adipocyte thermogenic capacity is mitochondrial uncoupling as determined by respiration. Measuring mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) therefore provides valuable information to study the regulation and dysregulation of fuel metabolism and energy expenditure. Adding measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential allows for more in-depth interpretation of the respirometry data. Here we provide protocols for measuring respiration in adherent intact and plasma membrane permeabilized brown adipocytes using the Seahorse XF Analyzer. In the protocol Part I, a combination of ... [摘要]  棕色脂肪组织(BAT)具有显着增加线粒体解偶联燃料氧化以响应肾上腺素刺激的热生成的独特能力。评估棕色脂肪细胞产热能力的关键参数是通过呼吸确定的线粒体解偶联。因此,测量线粒体氧消耗率(OCR)为研究燃料代谢和能量消耗的调节和失调提供了有价值的信息。添加线粒体膜电位的测量允许更加深入地解释呼吸数据。在这里我们提供使用Seahorse XF分析仪测量贴壁完整和质膜透性棕色脂肪细胞呼吸的协议。在方案部分I中,去甲肾上腺素和游离脂肪酸的组合用于诱导解偶联呼吸。然后使用ATP合酶抑制剂寡霉素,化学去偶联剂FCCP和复合物III抑制剂抗霉素A分别测量偶联的,最大的和非线粒体的氧消耗。在方案第II部分中,质膜用重组perfringolysin O透化,胆固醇依赖性细胞溶解素寡聚化成在质膜中专门的孔。这允许代谢物可用性的实验性控制,而不从天然细胞环境中分离线粒体。

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