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Appropriate selectable antibiotics:Ampicillin

氨苄青霉素钠盐

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: A9518
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Bacterial Conjugation Protocol for Ruminant Mycoplasmas
Author:
Date:
2021-01-20
[Abstract]  

In Mycoplasma agalactiae, two simultaneous processes of DNA transfer have been described that require direct cell-to-cell contact and are similar to conjugation. One involves the self-transmission of an integrative conjugative element (ICE) while the second concerns the horizontal transfer of large and small fragments of chromosomal DNA. Here, we describe an optimized conjugation protocol for the horizontal transfer of ICE or chromosomal DNA carrying antibiotic resistance markers (i.e., tetracycline, gentamicin, puromycin) from donor to recipient mycoplasma cells. Calculation of the conjugation frequencies, selection and characterization of transconjugants are detailed. This protocol has been developed with M. agalactiae but has been successfully used for M. bovis and can be adapted to

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[摘要]  [摘要]在无乳支原体中,已经描述了DNA转移的两个同时过程,它们需要直接的细胞间接触,并且类似于缀合。一种涉及整合共轭元件(ICE)的自我传递,而第二种涉及染色体DNA大小片段的水平转移。在这里,我们描述了一种优化的结合方案,用于从供体到受体支原体细胞水平转移带有抗生素抗性标记(即四环素,庆大霉素,嘌呤霉素)的ICE或染色体DNA 。详细介绍了共轭频率的计算,跨共轭物的选择和表征。该协议已与无乳分枝杆菌一起开发但已成功用于牛分枝杆菌,并可适应其他相关支原体物种。


[背景]共轭的,水平的DNA转移是微生物多样化的关键角色。通过促进细胞与细胞之间的紧密接触主动转移DNA (Lederberg和Tatum,1946),这种现象促进了从外部资源快速获取新性状。支原体(类柔膜)是无壁菌,其进化已经被认为是由基因损失仅减小驱动的基因组,并且其中水平基因转移(HGT )被长期被认为是边缘。在过去的十年中,比较基因组学分析重新审视了这种范例,并显示出(i)在共享同一宿主的支原体物种之间发生了HGTs事件(Sirand-Pugnet et al。,2007),以及(ii)整合和共轭的存在元件(ICE中)中的大量测序支原体基因组(Calcutt等人,2002; Marenda等人,2006; Dordet-弗里索尼等人,2013;拖期等人,2015; Meygret ...

High-level Production of Recombinant Membrane Proteins Using the Engineered Escherichia coli Strains SuptoxD and SuptoxR
Author:
Date:
2020-08-05
[Abstract]  We have previously described the development of two specialized Escherichia coli strains for high-level recombinant membrane protein (MP) production. These engineered strains, termed SuptoxD and SuptoxR, are capable of suppressing the cytotoxicity caused by MP overexpression and of producing greatly enhanced MP yields. Here, we present a Bio-protocol that describes gene overexpression and culturing conditions that maximize the accumulation of membrane-integrated and well-folded recombinant MPs in these strains. [摘要]  [摘要] 我们之前已经描述了两种用于生产高水平重组膜蛋白(MP)的大肠杆菌菌株的开发。这些工程菌株,称为SuptoxD和SuptoxR,能够抑制MP过度表达引起的细胞毒性,并产生显著提高的MP产量。在这里,我们提出一个生物协议,描述基因过度表达和培养条件,最大限度地积累膜整合和折叠良好的重组多磺酸粘多糖在这些菌株。

[背景]多磺酸粘多糖在所有活生物体的细胞中执行多种关键功能(Wagner et al.,2006;Schlegel et al.,2010),是当前和未来药物的主要靶点(Yildrim et al.,2007)。获得足够数量的分离蛋白是进行生化和结构研究的前提,这反过来又可以加深对其功能的理解,并发现新的MP靶向药物。

由于多磺酸粘多糖通常在其天然环境中以极低的丰度出现,异源宿主通常用于其重组过表达和随后的纯化。许多不同的系统已被用作原核和真核来源的多种多磺酸粘多糖的过表达宿主(Wagner等人,2006年)。其中,大肠杆菌是最受欢迎的一种,因为它的成本非常低,使用方便(Makino等人,2011年)。事实上,这种细菌已经成功地用于生产储存在蛋白质数据库中的所有重组产生的MP结构的大约20%(Dilworth等人,2018年)。尽管有这些优势和成功,但使用大肠杆菌作为MP生产的异源宿主通常伴随着严重的毒性、低水平的最终生物量和微小的最终产量(Miroux和Walker,1996;Wagner等人,2007;Link等人,2008;Gubellini等人,2011)。 ...

A CRISPR Competition Assay to Identify Cancer Genetic Dependencies
Author:
Date:
2020-07-20
[Abstract]  The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, wherein the RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 can be directed to introduce double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at a targeted locus. In mammalian cells, these DSBs are typically repaired through error-prone processes, resulting in insertions or deletions (indels) at the targeted locus. Researchers can use these Cas9-mediated lesions to probe the consequences of loss-of-function perturbations in genes of interest. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to identify specific genes required for cancer cell fitness through a CRISPR-mediated cellular competition assay. Identifying these genetic dependencies is of utmost importance, as they provide potential targets for anti-cancer drug development. This protocol provides researchers with a robust ... [摘要]  [摘要] CRISPR / Cas9系统是用于基因组编辑的强大工具,其中RNA引导的核酸酶Cas9可以直接在目标基因座处引入双链断裂(DSB)。在哺乳动物细胞中,这些DSB通常通过容易出错的过程进行修复,从而导致在目标基因座处插入或缺失(indel)。研究人员可以使用这些Cas9介导的病变来探究结果目标基因的功能丧失扰动。在这里,我们描述了一种优化的协议,可通过CRISPR介导的细胞竞争测定法来鉴定癌细胞适应性所需的特定基因。鉴定这些遗传依赖性至关重要,因为它们为抗癌药物的开发提供了潜在的靶标。该协议为研究人员提供了一种强大且可扩展的方法,以研究多种细胞系和癌症类型中的基因依赖性,并验证高通量或全基因组筛选的结果。

[背景] CRISPR / Cas9系统被认为已发展成为一种适应性的原核病毒防御系统(Mojica 等,2005; Makarova 等,2006)。它被发现后不久,就被研究人员选中,并进行了基因组编辑以供实验室使用(Doudna和Charpentier,2014年; Hsu 等人,2014年)。通过转基因表达Cas9核酸酶以及与靶序列互补的短链RNA(sgRNA),可以将双链断裂(DSB)引入各种细胞和生物体的目标位点(Cong 等,2013)。 ...

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