| Assessment of TCR-induced Sumoylation of PKC-θ
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Author:
Date:
2016-10-20
[Abstract] Sumoylation controls many cellular processes. Protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ), a member of the Ca2+-independent PKC subfamily of kinases, serves as a regulator of T cell activation by mediating the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)- and coreceptor CD28-induced activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 and, to a lesser extent, NFAT, and, subsequently, interleukin 2 (IL-2) production and T cell proliferation. We recently proved that TCR-induced sumoylation of PKC-θ is required for its function in T cells (Wang et al., 2015). Here we describe the method to analyze TCR-induced sumoylation of overexpressed or endogenous PKC-θ, which is carried out by immunoprecipitation of PKC-θ followed by immunoblotting with anti-SUMO1 antibody.
[摘要] 植物细胞壁主要由多糖纤维素，半纤维素和果胶组成。这些组分的结构和组成复杂性对于确定植物生长期间的细胞壁功能是重要的。此外，细胞壁结构限定了植物来源的生物质的多种功能性质，例如食品的流变性质和用于生产纤维素生物燃料的原料适用性。分子生物学实验室中细胞壁化学的典型表征包括用于定量半纤维素和果胶衍生单体的温和酸水解和通过Updegraff方法对纤维素的单独分析。我们采用了一个简化的"一步两步"水解方案，允许通过配对的脉冲安培检测（HPAEC-PAD）的高效阴离子交换层析同时测定纤维素含量，中性糖和糖醛酸样品。在我们的工作中，该方案已经在很大程度上替代了Updegraff纤维素定量和用2μMTFA水解以在微量级上测定基质多糖组成。
[背景] 是基于在121℃下在4％（w/v）硫酸中水解的样品的配对分析。一组样品首先用72％（w/w）硫酸预处理以使纤维素膨胀并使其易于稀释酸水解（图1中的Saeman水解; ...
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| PKC-θ in vitro Kinase Activity Assay
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Author:
Date:
2016-10-20
[Abstract] Protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ), a member of the Ca2+-independent PKC subfamily of kinases, serves as a regulator of T cell activation by mediating the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)- and coreceptor CD28-induced activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 and, to a lesser extent, NFAT, and, subsequently, interleukin 2 (IL-2) production and T cell proliferation. In T cells, TCR and CD28 stimulation-induced activation of PKC-θ is the integrated result of diacylglycerol-mediated membrane recruitment, GLK-mediated phosphorylation at activation loop, CD28, Lck, and sumoylation-mediated central immunological synapse localization (Wang et al., 2015; Monks et al., 1997; Kong et al., 2011; Isakov and Altman, 2012; Chuang et al., 2011). ...
[摘要] Sumoylation控制许多细胞过程。蛋白激酶C-θ（PKC-θ）是激酶的Ca 2+超家族PKC亚家族的成员，通过介导T细胞抗原受体（TCR）作为T细胞活化的调节剂， - 和共受体CD28诱导的转录因子NF-κB和AP-1的活化，以及较小程度的NFAT，以及随后的白细胞介素2（IL-2）产生和T细胞增殖。我们最近证明了TCR诱导的PKC-θ的sumoylation是其在T细胞中的功能所必需的（Wang等人，2015）。在这里我们描述分析TCR诱导的过表达或内源性PKC-θ的sumoylation的方法，这是通过免疫沉淀PKC-θ进行，然后用抗SUMO1抗体进行免疫印迹。
[背景] ...
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| Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) on Human Lymphocytes or Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)
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Author:
Date:
2015-04-05
[Abstract] Production of cytokines plays an important role in the immune response. Cytokines are involved in many different pathways including the induction of many anti-viral proteins by IFN gamma, the induction of T cell proliferation by IL-2 and the inhibition of viral gene expression and replication by TNF alpha. Cytokines are not preformed factors but are rapidly produced and secreted in response to cellular activation. Intracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry has emerged as the premier technique for studying cytokine production at the single-cell level. It detects the production and accumulation of cytokines within the endoplasmic reticulum after cell stimulation, allowing direct TH1 versus TH2 determination. It can also be used in combination with other flow cytometry protocols for ...
[摘要] 细胞因子的产生在免疫应答中起重要作用。细胞因子参与许多不同的途径，包括通过IFNγ诱导许多抗病毒蛋白，通过IL-2诱导T细胞增殖以及抑制病毒基因表达和TNFα的复制。细胞因子不是预先形成的因子，但是响应于细胞激活而快速产生和分泌。通过流式细胞术的细胞内细胞因子检测已经成为研究单细胞水平的细胞因子产生的首要技术。它检测细胞刺激后细胞因子在内质网内的产生和积累，允许直接TH1对TH2测定。它也可以与其他流式细胞术协议结合使用细胞表面标记或与MHC多聚体进行免疫分型，以检测抗原特异性反应，使其成为一种非常灵活和通用的方法。这种能力，结合仪器的高通量性质，使细胞内细胞因子染色与现有的单细胞技术如ELISPOT，有限稀释和T细胞克隆相比具有巨大的优势。细胞内细胞因子染色的主要步骤如下：
1。使用特异性肽或非特异性活化混合物将细胞活化几小时;
2。加入蛋白质转运抑制剂（例如布雷菲德菌素A）以将细胞因子保留在细胞内;
。接下来，加入EDTA以从活化容器中除去粘附细胞;
4。洗涤后，可将细胞表面标记的抗体加入细胞中;
5。然后将细胞固定在多聚甲醛中并透化;
6。加入抗细胞因子抗体，并且可以通过流式细胞仪分析细胞。
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