{{'Search' | translate}}
 

Glycine

甘氨酸

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 50046
Bio-protocol()
Company-protocol()
Other protocol()

Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Activity Assay in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Author:
Date:
2020-03-05
[Abstract]  Superoxide dismutases (SODs) act as a primary defence against reactive oxygen species (ROS) by converting superoxide anion radicals (O2-) into molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Members of this enzyme family include CuZnSODs, MnSODs, FeSODs, and NiSODs, depending on the nature of the cofactor that is required for proper activity. Most eukaryotes, including yeast, possess CuZnSOD and MnSOD. This protocol aims at assessing the activity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae MnSOD Sod2p from cellular extracts using nitroblue tetrazolium staining. This method can be used to estimate the cellular bioavailability of Mn2+ as well as to evaluate the redox state of the cell. [摘要]  [摘要 ] 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD能)充当主防御针对反应性氧物质(ROS)通过转换的超氧阴离子自由基(O 2 - )为分子氧(O 2 )和过氧化氢(H 2 ? 2 )。这种酶的家庭成员包括CuZnSODs ,MnSODs ,FeSODs 和NiSODs ,这取决于是需要适当的活动辅助因子的性质。大多数真核生物,包括酵母,都具有CuZnSOD 和MnSOD 。该协议旨在评估酵母的活性 使用硝基蓝四唑染色法从细胞提取物中提取酿酒酵母MnSOD Sod2p 。该方法可用于估计Mn 2+ 的细胞生物利用度以及评估细胞的氧化还原状态。

[背景 ] 的SODs被定义为减少正常有氧代谢为氧气和过氧化氢期间形成的氧的有害自由基含金属的抗氧化剂酶。:这些酶是基于需要作为辅因子进行适当的酶活性的金属分类CuZnSODs ,MnSODs ,FeSODs ,和NiSODs 。在酿酒酵母中,有两个S OD :CuZn-Sod1p和Mn-Sod2p(Abreu和Cabelli ...

ChIP-seq Experiment and Data Analysis in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Author:
Date:
2018-06-20
[Abstract]  Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for all living organisms. In cyanobacteria, a group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, nitrogen homeostasis is maintained by an intricate regulatory network around the transcription factor NtcA. Although mechanisms controlling NtcA activity appear to be well understood, the sets of genes under its control (i.e., its regulon) remain poorly defined. In this protocol, we describe the procedure for chromatin immunoprecipitation using NtcA antibodies, followed by DNA sequencing analysis (ChIP-seq) during early acclimation to nitrogen starvation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter Synechocystis). This protocol can be extended to analyze any DNA-binding protein in cyanobacteria for which suitable antibodies ... [摘要]  氮是所有生物体的必需营养素。 在蓝细菌中,一组含氧光合细菌通过围绕转录因子NtcA的错综复杂的调节网络维持氮稳态。 尽管控制NtcA活性的机制似乎已被很好地理解,但其控制下的基因集(即它的调节子)仍然没有很好的定义。 在该协议中,我们描述了使用NtcA抗体进行染色质免疫沉淀的过程,随后在蓝藻Synechocystis sp。早期适应氮饥饿期间进行DNA测序分析(ChIP-seq)。 PCC 6803(以下简称<集气囊)。 该协议可以扩展到分析蓝细菌中存在合适抗体的任何DNA结合蛋白。

【背景】为了维持体内平衡,细菌经常需要响应环境变化来调整基因表达。许多这些调整是由转录因子(TF)控制的,这些转录因子可以感知代谢信号并激活或抑制目标基因。然而,反映传统上费力的任务来表征TFs在体内的活性和范围,我们对它们在细菌中的结合位点的了解仍然有限。直到最近,染色质免疫沉淀与高通量测序分析的结合为快速确定基因组水平调节子打开了大门。特别是,ChIP-seq使用下一代测序(NGS)的能力来并行识别大量DNA序列。与微阵列相比,ChIP-seq的一个有吸引力的特征是对某些区域如启动子序列没有限制,并且可以研究整个基因组的TF结合位点。

在蓝细菌中,氮同化和代谢的全球调节剂是NtcA,属于CRP(cAMP受体蛋白)家族的TF(Herrero等人,2001)。在集胞蓝细菌中,NtcA通过将二聚体结合至包含共有序列GTAN ...

Imaging Cytokine Concentration Fields Using PlaneView Imaging Devices
Author:
Date:
2018-04-05
[Abstract]  We describe here a method to visualize concentration fields of cytokines around cytokine-secreting cells. The main challenge is that physiological cytokine concentrations can be very low, in the pico-molar range. Since it is currently impossible to measure such concentrations directly, we rely on cell’s response to the cytokines–the phosphorylation of a transcription factor–that can be visualized through antibody staining. Our devices aim at mimicking conditions in dense tissues, such as lymph nodes. A small number of secreting cells is deposited on a polylysine-coated glass and covered by multiple layers of cytokine-consuming. The cells are left to communicate for 1 h, after which the top layers are removed and the bottom layer of cells is antibody labeled for the response to cytokines. ... [摘要]  我们在这里描述了一种可视化细胞因子分泌细胞周围细胞因子浓度场的方法。主要挑战是生理细胞因子浓度可能非常低,在微摩尔浓度范围内。由于目前不可能直接测量这样的浓度,我们依赖于细胞对细胞因子的反应 - 转录因子的磷酸化 - 可以通过抗体染色显现。我们的设备旨在模仿密集组织中的条件,如淋巴结。少数分泌细胞沉积在聚赖氨酸包被的玻璃上并被多层细胞因子消耗覆盖。将细胞连通1小时,之后去除顶层,并且细胞的底层被抗体标记为对细胞因子的应答。然后通过标准荧光显微镜观察细胞因子场的横截面。这篇手稿总结了我们的方法,以量化密集细胞体外细胞因子介导的细胞间通讯的程度。

【背景】哺乳动物的免疫系统已经发展到能够识别和限制潜在病原体的传播,同时使由免疫系统本身造成的附带组织损伤最小化。为了实现这一点,免疫细胞依赖细胞因子介质网络,这些细胞因子介质能够进行细胞间通讯并广播关于致病性侮辱的大小和性质的信息。大量不同细胞因子与其同源受体强烈结合,通常在纳摩尔或皮摩尔范围内具有特征性结合亲和力。通过细胞因子通讯产生免疫龛。例如,在骨髓和胸腺中,通过基质细胞分泌的白细胞介素-7(IL-7)分别支持增殖的B细胞和T细胞祖细胞的存活(Tokoyoda et al。, 2004; Alves等人,2009)。细胞因子生态位的大小控制成熟祖细胞的数量,从而保持血细胞区室平衡(Böyum,1968; ...

Comments