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Trypsin

来自猪胰腺的胰蛋白酶

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: T4799
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An ex vivo Approach to Assess Mitochondrial ROS by Flow Cytometry in AAV-tagged Astrocytes in Adult Mice
Author:
Date:
2020-03-20
[Abstract]  Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are naturally produced signalling molecules extremely relevant for understanding both health- and disease-associated biological processes. The study of mROS in the brain is currently underway to decipher their physiopathological roles and contributions in neurological diseases. Recent advances in this field have highlighted the importance of studying mROS signalling and redox biology at the cellular level. Neurons are especially sensitive to the harmful effects of excess mROS while astrocytic mROS have been shown to play a relevant physiological role in cerebral homeostasis and behaviour. However, given the complexity of the brain, investigating mROS formation in a specific cell-type in adult animals is methodologically challenging. Here we ... [摘要]  [摘要] 线粒体活性氧(mROS )是天然产生的信号分子,与理解健康和疾病相关的生物过程极为相关。目前正在研究大脑中的mROS ,以了解其在神经疾病中的生理病理作用和贡献。该领域的最新进展凸显了在细胞水平研究mROS 信号传导和氧化还原生物学的重要性。神经元对过量的mROS 的有害作用特别敏感,而星形细胞的mROS对 已经显示出在脑稳态和行为中起相关的生理作用。但是,鉴于大脑的复杂性,研究成年动物中特定细胞类型中mROS的形成在方法上具有挑战性。在这里,我们提出了一种方法来具体评估星形胶质细胞中的mROS 丰度,该方法结合了i )一种靶向策略,该策略基于在星形胶质细胞(胶质纤维酸性蛋白或GFAP)下表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的腺相关病毒(AAV)载体的使用)启动子,以及ii)使用商业探针通过流式细胞术测量mROS 的强大且广泛扩展的方案。这项工作的意义在于,它允许通过易于使用的技术来选择性研究星形细胞mROS的丰度。

[背景 ] 氧化损伤与许多疾病的病因有关,包括神经退行性疾病,因为大脑是氧化应激以及与年龄相关的变化异常脆弱的组织(Cobley 等,2018; Mattson和Arumugam ...

Preparation of Cerebellum Granule Neurons from Mouse or Rat Pups and Evaluation of Clostridial Neurotoxin Activity and Their Inhibitors by Western Blot and Immunohistochemistry
Author:
Date:
2018-07-05
[Abstract]  Cerebellar Granule Neurons (CGN) from post-natal rodents have been widely used as a model to study neuronal development, physiology and pathology. CGN cultured in vitro maintain the same features displayed in vivo by mature cerebellar granule cells, including the development of a dense neuritic network, neuronal activity, neurotransmitter release and the expression of neuronal protein markers. Moreover, CGN represent a convenient model for the study of Clostridial Neurotoxins (CNT), most notably known as Tetanus and Botulinum neurotoxins, as they abundantly express both CNT receptors and intraneuronal substrates, i.e., Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptors (SNARE proteins). Here, we describe a protocol for obtaining a highly pure ... [摘要]  来自产后啮齿动物的小脑颗粒神经元(CGN)已被广泛用作研究神经元发育,生理学和病理学的模型。 CGN体外培养维持成熟小脑颗粒细胞在体内显示的相同特征,包括发育致密的神经炎网络,神经元活动,神经递质释放和神经元的表达 蛋白质标记。 此外,CGN代表了梭菌神经毒素(CNT)研究的便利模型,最着名的是破伤风和肉毒杆菌神经毒素,因为它们大量表达CNT受体和神经元内基质, ie ,可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺 - 敏感因子激活蛋白受体(SNARE蛋白)。 在这里,我们描述了从出生后大鼠/小鼠获得高纯度CGN培养物的方案和用CNT中毒的简便方法。 我们还说明了评估CNT活性及其抑制的方便方法。

【背景】梭菌神经毒素(CNT)的大家族由破伤风神经毒素(TeNT)和肉毒杆菌神经毒素(BoNT)的多种变体形成,它们分别是破伤风和肉毒中毒的神经麻痹毒素(Schiavo et al。,2000; Johnson和Montecucco,2008; Rossetto et al。,2014)。 TeNT,七种BoNT血清型(BoNT / A至/ G)及其许多亚型是金属蛋白酶,通过切割SNARE蛋白(可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子激活蛋白受体),三种必需蛋白质来阻断神经递质的释放而引起神经麻痹。控制突触小泡与突触前质膜的融合(Rossetto et al。,2014; ...

Phagocytosis Assay of Necroptotic Cells by Cardiac Myofibroblasts
Author:
Date:
2017-09-20
[Abstract]  In myocardial infarction (MI), a plenty of cardiomyocytes undergo necrosis and necroptosis due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients. The dead cardiomyocytes are promptly engulfed by phagocytes. When the dead cells are not engulfed, the noxious contents of the cells are released outside, and thus, induce inflammation, and obstruct the function of organs. Therefore, phagocytosis is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of organs. Herein, we describe a protocol of an in vitro phagocytosis assay of necroptotic cells. [摘要]  在心肌梗死(MI)中,由于缺氧和营养,大量心肌细胞发生坏死和坏死。 死亡心肌细胞迅速吞噬吞噬细胞。 当死细胞不被吞没时,细胞的有害物质被释放到外部,从而引起炎症,并阻碍器官的功能。 因此,吞噬对维持器官的体内平衡至关重要。 在这里,我们描述了一种神经细胞的体外吞噬作用测定方案。
【背景】以前,认为坏死性坏死细胞和坏死核细胞只能通过心脏巨噬细胞在失败的心脏中消除。 然而,我们发现负责组织纤维化的心脏肌成纤维细胞在MI后吞噬死细胞(Nakaya等,2017)。 本文中,我们提供了一种细胞凋亡细胞的体外吞噬作用的详细方案,采用在caspase-3抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK中通过TNF-α刺激进行人脑坏死的L929细胞。

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