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Trypsin/EDTA Solution (TE)

胰蛋白酶/ EDTA溶液(TE)

Company: Thermo Fisher Scientific
Catalog#: R001100
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Imaging Cytokine Concentration Fields Using PlaneView Imaging Devices
Author:
Date:
2018-04-05
[Abstract]  We describe here a method to visualize concentration fields of cytokines around cytokine-secreting cells. The main challenge is that physiological cytokine concentrations can be very low, in the pico-molar range. Since it is currently impossible to measure such concentrations directly, we rely on cell’s response to the cytokines–the phosphorylation of a transcription factor–that can be visualized through antibody staining. Our devices aim at mimicking conditions in dense tissues, such as lymph nodes. A small number of secreting cells is deposited on a polylysine-coated glass and covered by multiple layers of cytokine-consuming. The cells are left to communicate for 1 h, after which the top layers are removed and the bottom layer of cells is antibody labeled for the response to cytokines. ... [摘要]  我们在这里描述了一种可视化细胞因子分泌细胞周围细胞因子浓度场的方法。主要挑战是生理细胞因子浓度可能非常低,在微摩尔浓度范围内。由于目前不可能直接测量这样的浓度,我们依赖于细胞对细胞因子的反应 - 转录因子的磷酸化 - 可以通过抗体染色显现。我们的设备旨在模仿密集组织中的条件,如淋巴结。少数分泌细胞沉积在聚赖氨酸包被的玻璃上并被多层细胞因子消耗覆盖。将细胞连通1小时,之后去除顶层,并且细胞的底层被抗体标记为对细胞因子的应答。然后通过标准荧光显微镜观察细胞因子场的横截面。这篇手稿总结了我们的方法,以量化密集细胞体外细胞因子介导的细胞间通讯的程度。

【背景】哺乳动物的免疫系统已经发展到能够识别和限制潜在病原体的传播,同时使由免疫系统本身造成的附带组织损伤最小化。为了实现这一点,免疫细胞依赖细胞因子介质网络,这些细胞因子介质能够进行细胞间通讯并广播关于致病性侮辱的大小和性质的信息。大量不同细胞因子与其同源受体强烈结合,通常在纳摩尔或皮摩尔范围内具有特征性结合亲和力。通过细胞因子通讯产生免疫龛。例如,在骨髓和胸腺中,通过基质细胞分泌的白细胞介素-7(IL-7)分别支持增殖的B细胞和T细胞祖细胞的存活(Tokoyoda et al。, 2004; Alves等人,2009)。细胞因子生态位的大小控制成熟祖细胞的数量,从而保持血细胞区室平衡(Böyum,1968; ...

Fluorescent Measurement of Synaptic Activity Using FM Dyes in Dissociated Hippocampal Cultured Neurons
Author:
Date:
2018-01-20
[Abstract]  Release and recycling of synaptic vesicles are essential for neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. To gain mechanistic understanding of these processes, direct measurements of vesicle release and retrieval is indispensable. Styryl dyes like FM1-43 and FM4-64 have been widely used for this purpose and their loading and unloading are reliable measurements for synaptic vesicle release and retrieval in cultured neurons. This protocol describes in detail the procedure of using styryl dyes to label and measure synaptic vesicle uptake and release in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We also include a brief description of hippocampal culture. In the end, we briefly discuss the commonality and difference among FM dye, pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins and quantum dots in terms of measuring ... [摘要]  突触小泡的释放和再循环对于神经传递和突触可塑性是至关重要的。 为了获得对这些过程的机械理解,直接测量囊泡释放和回收是必不可少的。 苯乙烯基染料如FM1-43和FM4-64已被广泛用于此目的,其装载和卸载是可靠的测量突触小泡释放和恢复培养的神经元。 该协议详细描述了使用苯乙烯基染料来标记和测量培养的大鼠海马神经元中的突触小泡摄取和释放的程序。 我们还包括对海马文化的简要描述。 最后,我们简要讨论FM染料,pH敏感荧光蛋白和量子点在测量突触小泡行为方面的共性和差异。
【背景】突触小泡是神经传递不可或缺的,因为它们是化学突触中负责神经递质释放的唯一细胞器。它们的数量,释放概率,融合动力学和再循环路线定义了突触传递和神经元交流。已经开发了多种用于探测突触囊泡的工具,包括突触后神经元的电生理学记录,膜运输的电容测量,可氧化的发射体的电流分析,固定突触的电子显微镜成像以及活神经元中的囊泡标记的荧光成像。在所有现有的方法中,最后一个是不仅产生关于个体突触的空间和时间信息,而且提供高吞吐量(即,来自不同神经元的单个突触的更多数据点)的唯一方法。已经开发了基于不同定向和报告机制的各种荧光探针。二十多年前发明的苯乙烯基染料(即FM染料,包括FM1-43,FM4-64,FM5-95)仍然是一种可靠而方便的工具。由于其对脂质膜的中等亲和力及其对脂质敏感的排放,可以容易地装载到再循环的突触囊泡中并且当这些囊泡被胞吐出时释放。使用更敏感的光电探测器如EMCCD,FM染料可以报告单个囊泡释放事件。在这里,我们提供了一个相对完整的基于FM的啮齿动物海马神经元原代培养的突触小泡释放成像的描述。此外,我们还讨论了FM染料和其他荧光泡标签的共性和区别。 ...

GFP-Grb2 Translocation Assay Using High-content Imaging to Screen for Modulators of EGFR-signaling
Author:
Date:
2017-09-05
[Abstract]  High-content screening is a useful tool to understand complex cellular processes and to identify genes, proteins or small molecule compounds that modulate such pathways. High-content assays monitor the function of a protein or pathway by visualizing a change in an image-based readout, such as a change in the localization of a reporter protein. Examples of this can be the translocation of a fluorescently tagged protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus or to the plasma membrane. One protein that is known to undergo such translocation is the Growth Factor Receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) that is recruited to the plasma membrane upon stimulation of a growth factor receptor and subsequently undergoes internalization. We have used GFP-tagged Grb2 previously to identify genes that are involved ... [摘要]  高含量筛选是了解复杂细胞过程和鉴定调节这种途径的基因,蛋白质或小分子化合物的有用工具。高含量测定法通过显现基于图像的读数的变化来监测蛋白质或途径的功能,例如报告蛋白的定位的变化。其实例可以是将荧光标记的蛋白质从细胞质转移到细胞核或质膜。已知发生这种易位的一种蛋白质是生长因子受体结合蛋白2(GRB2),其在刺激生长因子受体并且随后经历内化后被招募到质膜。我们以前用GFP标记的Grb2来鉴定涉及EGFR信号的基因(Petschnigg等,2017)。最终,该测定可以适应于cDNA表达克隆(Freeman等人,2012),并且可用于早期药物发现以鉴定调节或抑制EGFR信号传导和内化的化合物(Antczak和Djaballah,2016)。
【背景】生长因子受体的信号转导对细胞维持正常功能至关重要,因此需要严格控制。生长因子受体的信号转导通过外部配体(例如,表皮生长因子,EGF)与跨膜受体(例如表皮生长因子受体(EGFR))和下游信号级联的活化(Yao等人,2015 )。 EGFR-信号传导的关键调节因子是生长因子受体结合蛋白2(Grb2),其由两个SH3结构域的内部SH2(Src同源性2)结构域组成。 Grb2通过其SH2结构域结合磷酸化酪氨酸残基上的活化生长因子受体,从而将受体活化与SOS-Ras-MAPK(丝裂原活化蛋白激酶)信号级联偶联。 ...

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