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Potassium Chloride (Crystalline/Certified ACS), Fisher Chemical

氯化钾

Company: Thermo Fisher Scientific
Catalog#: P217
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ARP2/3 Phosphorylation Assay in the Presence of Recombinant Bacterial Effectors
Author:
Date:
2017-04-05
[Abstract]  The Actin-Related Protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex is an actin nucleator that generates a branched actin network in mammalian cells. In addition to binding nucleation promoting factors, LeClaire et al. demonstrated that its phosphorylation state is essential key for its activity (LeClaire et al., 2008). In cells, the ARP2/3 complex is phosphorylated on threonine and tyrosine residues of the ARP2, ARP3, and ARPC1 subunits (Vadlamudi et al., 2004; LeClaire et al., 2008; Narayanan et al., 2011; LeClaire et al., 2015). In particular, phosphorylation of threonine 237 and 238 of the ARP2 subunit is necessary to allow a change in the ARP2/3 complex structure to its active conformation (Narayanan et al., 2011; LeClaire et al., ... [摘要]  肌动蛋白相关蛋白2/3(ARP2 / 3)复合物是在哺乳动物细胞中产生支链肌动蛋白网络的肌动蛋白成核剂。除了结合成核促进因子之外,LeClaire等人。证明其磷酸化状态是其活性的关键(LeClaire等人,2008)。在细胞中,ARP2 / 3复合物在ARP2,ARP3和ARPC1亚基的苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基上磷酸化(Vadlamudi等人,2004; LeClaire等人)。 ,2008; Narayanan等人,2011; LeClaire等人,2015)。特别地,ARP2亚基的苏氨酸237和238的磷酸化对于允许将ARP2 / 3复合物结构改变为其活性构象是必要的(Narayanan等人,2011; LeClaire等人al ,2015)。虽然对于真核细胞中的许多功能很重要,但ARP2 / 3复合物活性也有利于多种细胞病原体(Haglund和Welch,2011; Welch和Way,2013)。最近,我们证明细菌病原体,嗜肺军团菌,使用注射在宿主细胞质细胞中的细菌蛋白激酶来操纵ARP2 / 3复合磷酸化状态(Michard等人,2015) )。在这里,我们描述如何测试细菌蛋白激酶或另一种蛋白激酶在体外上下文中磷酸化ARP2 / 3复合物的能力。首先,产生和纯化ARP2 / 3复合物和细菌蛋白激酶。然后,将纯化的蛋白质在ATP存在下培养,并通过Western印迹分析ARP2 / ...

Determination of the in vitro Sporulation Frequency of Clostridium difficile
Author:
Date:
2017-02-05
[Abstract]  The anaerobic, gastrointestinal pathogen, Clostridium difficile, persists within the environment and spreads from host-to-host via its infectious form, the spore. To effectively study spore formation, the physical differentiation of vegetative cells from spores is required to determine the proportion of spores within a population of C. difficile. This protocol describes a method to accurately enumerate both viable vegetative cells and spores separately and subsequently calculate a sporulation frequency of a mixed C. difficile population from various in vitro growth conditions (Edwards et al., 2016b). [摘要]  厌氧,胃肠道病原体,艰难梭菌在环境中持续存在,并通过其感染形式,孢子从宿主到宿主传播。为了有效地研究孢子形成,需要从孢子中进行营养细胞的物理分化以确定在C群体内孢子的比例。艰难的。该方案描述了分别精确地枚举活的营养细胞和孢子的方法,并随后计算混合的孢子形成频率。来自各种体外生长条件(Edwards等人,2016b)的难治性群体。

背景 孢子形成是一个复杂的发育过程,导致代谢休眠孢子的形成。 C的物理性质。艰难的孢子形式提供了许多环境胁迫和消毒剂的内在抵抗,允许其在宿主之外的长期生存(参见:Paredes-Sabja等人,2014年)。区分营养细胞和C孢子。已经开发了利用孢子的物理和抗性属性的各种技术,包括短时间暴露于湿热或乙醇(Burns等人,2010; Lawley& et al。,2010; Edwards等人,2014)。然而,根据C的应变,这些技术可能不经意地对孢子造成长期损害。难以测试,导致恢复率不准确。在这里,我们描述了使用比以前描述的较低浓度的乙醇(40%以下的乙醇)的优化方法以消除异质C中的所有营养细胞。艰难梭菌群体,而不降低孢子的生存力。该技术为量化C提供了高度可重现性和较不可变的结果。难产孢子孢子形成。

Establishment of a Fusarium graminearum Infection Model in Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves and Floral Tissues
Author:
Date:
2016-07-20
[Abstract]  Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum), oats (Avena sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which targets the floral tissues and thereby adversely impacts grain yield and quality. Mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum further limit the consumability of infected grain. In the laboratory, F. graminearum also has the ability to colonize both leaves and inflorescence tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. The interaction between A. thaliana and F. graminearum makes available a large array of genetic and molecular tools to study the interaction between plants and F. graminearum to elucidate plant genes and pathways that contribute to resistance, ... [摘要]  禾谷镰刀菌(Fg)是小麦(小麦),燕麦( Avena sativa )和大麦镰刀菌 ),其针对花组织,从而不利地影响谷物产量和质量。由F生产的霉菌毒素。禾谷镰菌进一步限制了感染谷物的消耗性。在实验室,F。禾谷镰刀菌也具有定居拟南芥的叶和花序组织的能力。 A之间的交互。 thaliana 和 F。禾谷镰刀菌(graminearum)提供了大量遗传和分子工具来研究植物和真菌之间的相互作用。禾本科(Graminearum)来阐明植物基因和促进抗性的途径,以及研究真菌如何靶向植物基因和促进疾病的机制。下面描述的方法允许有效地感染拟南芥叶和花序,以及评价疾病进展和真菌生长。拟南芥中的病害传播可以通过叶组织的萎黄病和花序组织的包括真菌团块在花序组织表面上的病害表型的视觉观察来容易地监测。可以通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)和定量实时PCR(qPCR)测量宿主组织中的Fg DNA的相对量来进一步监测真菌生长。

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