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Sucrose

蔗糖

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 84100
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Laminarin Quantification in Microalgae with Enzymes from Marine Microbes
Author:
Date:
2018-04-20
[Abstract]  The marine beta-glucan laminarin is an abundant storage polysaccharide in microalgae. High production rates and rapid digestion by heterotrophic bacteria turn laminarin into an ideal carbon and energy source, and it is therefore a key player in the marine carbon cycle. As a main storage glucan laminarin also plays a central role in the energy metabolism of the microalgae (Percival and Ross, 1951; Myklestad, 1974; Painter, 1983). We take advantage of enzymes that digest laminarin selectively and can thereby quantify only this polysaccharide in environmental samples. These enzymes hydrolyze laminarin into glucose and oligosaccharides, which are measured with a standard reducing sugar assay to obtain the laminarin concentration. Prior to this assay, the three enzymes need to be produced via ... [摘要]  海洋β-葡聚糖昆布多糖是微藻中丰富的储存多糖。高生产率和异养细菌的快速消化将昆布多糖转化为理想的碳源和能源,因此它是海洋碳循环的关键参与者。作为主要的储存葡聚糖昆布多糖也在微藻的能量代谢中发挥核心作用(Percival and Ross,1951; Myklestad,1974; Painter,1983)。我们利用可以选择性消化昆布多糖的酶,从而可以对环境样品中的这种多糖进行定量。这些酶将昆布多糖水解成葡萄糖和寡糖,用标准的还原糖测定法测定得到昆布多糖浓度。在此测定之前,需要通过异源表达和纯化产生三种酶。该测定可用于监测环境微藻中的昆布多糖浓度,其通过过滤从海水中浓缩,或用来自藻类实验室培养物的样品中浓缩。

【背景】海洋多糖在海洋碳循环中起着重要作用,是浮游植物生理学的重要组成部分,但受到严重影响。几十年来,农业食品工业一直使用基于酶分析的即用试剂盒来分析各种不同的多糖(Whitaker,1974)。这些快速,稳健和特异性的基于酶的方法评估源自陆地植物即淀粉的多糖,因为它们广泛用于食品,饲料和其他工业应用中(Brunt等人, ,1998)。然而,海洋多糖的类似测定仍然缺乏。受到使用酶在藻类中进行多糖定量的想法的启发,我们开发了一种基于酶的方法来量化在硅藻和其他微藻中生态相关的β-葡聚糖昆布氨酸,也称为菊科金刚烷。

这种应用的三种糖苷水解酶(GH)来自福尔摩沙(Formosa)。并且它们的特征如下:FbGH30是GH30家族的外切型β-1,6-葡聚糖酶,特别是水解与昆布多糖骨架连接的β-1,6-连接的葡萄糖单体分支;并且FaGH17A和FbGH17A是GH家族17的两种内作用β-1,3-葡聚糖酶,其特异性地作用于β-1,3-连接的昆布多糖主链上(Becker等人,2017年, ...

Electron Tomography to Study the Three-dimensional Structure of Plasmodesmata in Plant Tissues–from High Pressure Freezing Preparation to Ultrathin Section Collection
Author:
Date:
2018-01-05
[Abstract]  Plasmodesmata (PD) are nanometric (~20 nm wide) membrane lined pores encased in the cell walls of the adjacent plant cells. They allow the cells to exchange all types of molecules ranging from nutrients like sugar, hormones, to RNAs and various proteins. Unfortunately, they are also hijacked by phyto-viruses, enabling them to spread from cell-to-cell and then systematically throughout the whole plant. Their central position in plant biology makes it crucial to understand their physiology and especially link their function to their structure. Over the past 50 years, electron microscopists have observed them and attempted to ultrastructurally characterize them. They laid the foundation of what is known about these pores (Tilney et al., 1991; Ding et al., 1992; Oparka and ... [摘要]  Plasmodesmata(PD)是包裹在相邻植物细胞的细胞壁中的纳米(〜20nm宽)膜衬里的孔。它们允许细胞交换从糖,激素,RNA到各种蛋白质等营养物质的所有类型的分子。不幸的是,它们也被植物病毒劫持,使它们从细胞间传播,然后在整个植物体系中传播。它们在植物生物学中的核心地位使得理解其生理机制,尤其是将其功能与其结构联系起来至关重要。在过去的50年中,电子显微镜观察家们已经观察到了这些现象,并试图用超微结构来表征它们。他们为已知的这些毛孔奠定了基础(Tilney等人,1991; Ding等人,1992; Oparka和Roberts,2001; Nicolas等人, et al。,2017a)。

尽管三维电子显微镜(3D-EM)爆炸,PD超微结构仍然不支持这种技术。第一个技术难点是在尽可能接近原生状态的情况下处理它们。其次,由于染色/固定试剂穿透率差,其体积增大,含水量高以及存在酸性液泡,植物样品显示自己难以加工。最重要的是,它们在细胞壁上的独特位置和它们的纳米尺寸使得难以方便地染色以便看到这些孔隙的内部运作。

这里我们详细描述Nicolas et al。(2017b)中使用的协议,对PD进行细节化处理,并生成高分辨率的X线断层图。


【背景】高压冻结(HPF)依赖于样品中存在的水的玻璃化。通过以足够高的冷冻速度(10 ...

Analysis of the Virulence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain CFT073 in the Murine Urinary Tract
Author:
Date:
2017-02-05
[Abstract]  This urinary tract infection model was used to monitor the efficacy of a new virulence factor of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 in vivo. The new virulence factor which we designated TIR-containing protein C (TcpC) blocks Toll-like receptor signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling cascade by interacting with key components of both pattern recognition receptor systems (Cirl et al., 2008; Waldhuber et al., 2016). We infected wild type and knock-out mice with wildtype CFT073 and a mutant CFT073 strain lacking tcpC. This protocol describes how the mice were infected, how CFT073 was prepared and how the infection was monitored. The protocol was derived from our previously published work and allowed us to demonstrate that TcpC ... [摘要]  该尿路感染模型被用于监测新生的致病性大肠杆菌菌株CFT073在体内的功效。我们指定含TIR的蛋白C(TcpC)的新的毒力因子通过与模式识别受体系统的关键组分相互作用来阻断Toll样受体信号传导和NLRP3炎性信号级联反应(Cirl等人)。 ,2008; Waldhuber等人,2016)。我们用野生型CFT073和缺乏tcpC的突变体CFT073菌株感染野生型和敲除小鼠。该协议描述了小鼠如何感染,如何制备CFT073以及如何监测感染。该方案源于我们以前发表的工作,并允许我们证明TcpC是一种强大的毒力因子,通过增加CFT073在尿液和肾脏中的细菌负担。此外,TcpC负责肾脓肿的发展,因为感染具有野生型但不是tcpC的缺乏CFT073突变体的小鼠引起这种并发症。

背景 尿路感染(UTIs)是全世界最常见的细菌感染(Dielubanza和Schaeffer,2011),主要是由欧洲病原大肠杆菌(UPEC)引起的(Zhang和Foxman,2003)。复发性感染率高(Dielubanza和Schaeffer,2011),抗生素抗性E的出现也有所增加。大肠杆菌菌株(Eurosurveillance editorial,2015)。因此,为了开发新的治疗剂,对宿主和细菌因子对尿路感染病理生理学的了解具有很高的相关性。
 鼠类UTI模型系统是主要使用的动物模型系统,用于研究UPEC分离株和细菌 ...

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