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MOPS [3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid]

MOPS

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: M1254
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In vitro Crosslinking Reactions and Substrate Incorporation Assays for The Identification of Transglutaminase-2 Protein Substrates
Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract]  Transglutaminase (TG2) catalyzes protein crosslinking between glutamyl and lysyl residues. Catalytic activity occurs via a transamidation mechanism resulting in the formation of isopeptide bonds. Since TG2-mediated transamidation is of mechanistic importance for a number of biological processes, assays that enable rapid and efficient identification and characterization of candidate substrates are an important first-step to uncovering the function of crosslinked proteins. Herein we describe an optimized and flexible protocol for in vitro TG2 crosslink reactions and substrate incorporation assays. We have previously employed these techniques in the identification of the protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a TG2 substrate. However, the protocol can be adapted for ... [摘要]  [摘要]转谷氨酰胺酶(TG2)催化谷氨酰和赖氨酰残基之间的蛋白质交联。催化活性通过转酰胺机制发生,导致异肽键的形成。由于TG2介导的transamidation是一些生物过程的机械重要性,检测,使快速和有效的识别和表征的候选底物是一个重要的第一步,以揭示交联蛋白的功能。在这里,我们描述了一个优化和灵活的协议,用于体外TG2交联反应和底物结合测定。我们以前曾采用这些技术在鉴定蛋白质高流动性基团盒1(HMGB1)作为TG2底物。然而,该协议可以适应任何候选转酰胺化底物的鉴定。

[背景]转谷氨酰胺酶(TG2)是转谷氨酰胺酶家族的成员,催化钙依赖性转酰胺化反应。转谷氨酰胺酶家族包括TG1-7和FXIIIa,以及带4.2的非催化活性成员,在蛋白质支架中发挥作用(Satchwell等,2009;Gundemir等,2012)。TG2在该家族中的独特之处在于,它是无处不在的表达和多向性功能;除了蛋白交联外,TG2还具有蛋白二硫异构酶(Hasegawa等,2003;Mastroberardino等,2006)、G蛋白(Nakaoka等,1994;Baek等,1996;Vezza等,1999)和激酶(Mishra和Murphy,2004;Mishra等,2006和2007)的功能。
蛋白质交联发生在与肽结合的谷氨酰残基(谷氨酰胺供体底物)的γ-羧酰胺基与赖氨酰残基(赖氨酸受体底物)的ϵ-氨基基之间,从而形成ϵ-(γ-谷氨酰)赖氨酸异肽键(Folk和Finlayson,1977)。交联反应的示意图如图1所示。 ...

In vivo and in vitro 31P-NMR Study of the Phosphate Transport and Polyphosphate Metabolism in Hebeloma cylindrosporum in Response to Plant Roots Signals
Author:
Date:
2018-08-20
[Abstract]  We used in vivo and in vitro phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy to follow the change in transport, compartmentation and metabolism of phosphate in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum in response to root signals originating from host (Pinus pinaster) or non-host (Zea mays) plants. A device was developed for the in vivo studies allowing the circulation of a continuously oxygenated mineral solution in an NMR tube containing the mycelia. The in vitro studies were performed on fungal material after several consecutive treatment steps (freezing in liquid nitrogen; crushing with perchloric acid; elimination of perchloric acid; freeze-drying; dissolution in an appropriate liquid ... [摘要]  我们使用体内和体外磷-31核磁共振( 31 P-NMR)光谱来跟踪运输,分区和 外生菌根真菌 Hebeloma cylindrosporum 中的磷酸盐代谢响应来自宿主( Pinus pinaster )或非宿主( Zea mays )的根信号植物。 开发了一种用于体内研究的装置,其允许连续氧化的矿物质溶液在含有菌丝体的NMR管中循环。 在几个连续的处理步骤(在液氮中冷冻;用高氯酸压碎;消除高氯酸;冷冻干燥;在适当的液体培养基中溶解)后,对真菌材料进行体外研究。

【背景】 菌根真菌和植物之间的关联改善了宿主植物的P营养(Smith和Read,2008; Plassard和Dell,2010; Cairney,2011; Smith 等人,,2015)。这种积极效应主要归因于真菌菌丝对磷酸盐(Pi)的吸收,探测了在活跃吸收根周围的耗竭区以外的大量土壤(Smith和Read,2008; Cairney,2011; Smith et al。< em="">,2015)和真菌细胞分泌细胞外磷酸酶(Quiquampoix和Mousain,2005)。吸收的Pi部分地掺入磷酸化的代谢物,磷脂和核酸中,并且部分地浓缩成多磷酸盐(PolyP),其中它们构成液泡中的储存池(Ashford 等人,,1994)。该协议详述了一种装置,该装置允许通过 31 ...

Isolation of Nuclei in Tagged Cell Types (INTACT), RNA Extraction and Ribosomal RNA Degradation to Prepare Material for RNA-Seq
Author:
Date:
2018-04-05
[Abstract]  Gene expression is dynamically regulated on many levels, including chromatin accessibility and transcription. In order to study these nuclear regulatory events, we describe our method to purify nuclei with Isolation of Nuclei in TAgged Cell Types (INTACT). As nuclear RNA is low in polyadenylated transcripts and conventional pulldown methods would not capture non-polyadenylated pre-mRNA, we also present our method to remove ribosomal RNA from the total nuclear RNA in preparation for nuclear RNA-Seq. [摘要]  基因表达在多个水平上动态调节,包括染色质可及性和转录。 为了研究这些核调节事件,我们描述了我们用净化细胞核(INTACT)纯化细胞核的方法。 由于核RNA在聚腺苷酸化转录物中低并且常规下拉方法不会捕获非聚腺苷酸化前mRNA,所以我们还提出了我们的方法以从核RNA总RNA中去除核糖体RNA以准备核RNA-Seq。

【背景】分离用于基因表达实验的特定细胞类型降低了噪音并提高了实验的精确度和发现的不同表达基因的数量。用于细胞类型特异性研究的各种方法被广泛使用,每种方法都有其优点和缺点(Bailey-Serres,2013年综述)。分离特定的调控区室,如细胞核(来自细胞器,核糖体,细胞质,等等)可以进一步精确解析调控基因表达的分子事件。在这里,我们描述了一种方法,可以从冷冻组织中分离特定细胞类型的细胞核,适用于研究核基因表达的实验(例如,核RNA的RNA-Seq,ATAC-Seq,ChIP -Seq,等。)。此外,我们描述了RNA的处理,导致材料适合作为RNA-Seq实验的输入。这里描述的方案与水稻根组织(日本野生稻栽培品种日本晴)(Reynoso等人,2018年)一起使用,但是它们基于以前开发的方案, (拟订和Henikoff,2010年和2011年)和番茄(罗恩等人,2014年)。

该协议的第一部分,INTACT方法(用于标记特定细胞类型的核的分离)允许体内亲和标记和随后从感兴趣的细胞类型中纯化细胞核。这是通过由包膜靶向结构域,GFP和生物素连接酶识别肽(BLRP)组成的三联核标签融合蛋白(NTF)的细胞类型特异性表达实现的。 ...

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