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Vortex-Genie 2

Company: Scientific Industries
Catalog#: SI-0236
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Measuring Rat Serum Osmolality by Freezing Point Osmometry
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Date:
2016-10-05
[Abstract]  Blood serum or plasma osmolality is the measure of electrolyte to water balance in the body’s circulation, and is tightly regulated in physiological states in order to maintain normal levels of serum solute (Bourque, 2008). Osmolality is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per kg of water (mOsm/kg) (Dufour, 1993) and can be measured using different techniques that rely on the colligative properties of the solution. The most commonly used in lab settings are vapour pressure and freezing point osmometry, which are relatively quick and easy to perform. Freezing point osmometry is preferred because it is insensitive to volatile compounds, such as alcohol, that may be present in the solution. Measurement of serum or plasma osmolality is clinically relevant for a number of conditions and ... [摘要]  血清或血浆渗透压是体内循环中电解质与水平衡的量度,并且在生理状态下受到严格的调节,以维持血清溶质的正常水平(Bourque,2008)。重量摩尔渗透压浓度定义为每公斤水溶质渗透摩尔数(mOsm / kg)(Dufour,1993),并且可以使用依赖于溶液的碰撞性质的不同技术来测量。实验室设置中最常用的是蒸气压和凝固点渗透压测量法,它们相对快速且易于执行。凝固点渗透压是优选的,因为它对溶解中可能存在的挥发性化合物(例如醇)不敏感。血清或血浆渗透压的测量在许多病症和疾病方面具有临床意义,包括高钠血症,糖尿病酮症酸中毒和不良抗生素综合征(Ellison,2013; Lupsa和Inzucchi,2013; Reddi,2013)。在本协议中,我们描述了使用冰点渗透压测定技术测量大鼠血清渗透压的方法,原先在我们以前在败血症中的渗透调节扰动研究中概述(Stare等,2015)。

Extraction and Quantification of GABA and Glutamate from Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Author:
Date:
2016-09-20
[Abstract]  GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is a biologically active four carbon non-protein amino acid found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Glutamate is a five carbon α-amino acid which can be converted to GABA catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. In this protocol, we describe the procedure for extraction and quantification of GABA and glutamate from cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter Synechocystis). Apart from Synechocystis, this protocol has already been successfully tested for the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme and for the green alga Tetraspora sp. CU2551. The protocol can also be used for the analyses of other primary amino acids. We have successfully employed this protocol in our studies of GABA and glutamate ... [摘要]  GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)是在原核生物和真核生物中发现的生物活性四碳非蛋白质氨基酸。谷氨酸是一种五碳α-氨基酸,其可以被谷氨酸脱羧酶催化转化为GABA。在该协议中,我们描述了从蓝细菌集胞藻的细胞中提取和定量GABA和谷氨酸的程序。 PCC 6803(以下称为"集胞藻")。除了集胞藻 ,该协议已经成功地测试了蓝细菌点状念珠菌 和绿藻 Tetraspora CU2551。该方案也可用于其他一级氨基酸的分析。我们已经在我们的集胞藻中的GABA和谷氨酸分析研究中成功地使用该方案(Kanwal和Incharoensakdi,2016)。

[背景] 酸分析先前已通过使用许多方法进行,包括使用薄层色谱或离子交换分离偶联的后柱衍生化与茚三酮方法或也使用HPLC通过荧光检测的检测。然而,在那些检测方法中遇到几个挑战,例如差的灵敏度,衍生物的降解,多重衍生物的形成和更长的保留时间,导致更高的溶剂消耗。此外,由于氨基酸的光学非活性,不能单独使用UV检测方法。
  在这里我们描述了提取和分析氨基酸如GABA和谷氨酸在集胞藻中的详细程序。用于氨基酸分离和检测的方法是高性能反相液相色谱,随后是从Henderson等人采用的氨基酸的前柱OPA(邻苯二甲醛)衍生化的UV检测。 ...

A Modified Chromogenic Assay for Determination of the Ratio of Free Intracellular NAD+/NADH in Streptococcus mutans
Author:
Date:
2016-08-20
[Abstract]  Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme present in all kingdoms of life and exists in two forms: oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NAD(H) is involved in a multitude of essential metabolic redox reactions, providing oxidizing or reducing equivalents. The ratio of free intracellular NAD+/NADH is fundamentally important in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis (Ying, 2008). Various chromogenic cycling assays have been used to determine the ratio of NAD+/NADH in both bacterial and mammalian cells for more than forty years (Bernofsky and Swan, 1973; Nisselbaum and Green, 1969).

Here, we describe in detail an assay to determine the ratio of free intracellular NAD+ to NADH in Streptococcus mutans. This cycling ...
[摘要]  烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸是存在于生命的所有王国中的辅酶,并且以两种形式存在:氧化(NAD +)和还原(NADH)。 NAD(H)参与多种必需的代谢氧化还原反应,提供氧化或还原等价物。游离细胞内NAD + /NADH的比率在维持细胞氧化还原稳态中是根本重要的(Ying,2008)。已经使用各种显色循环测定来测定细菌和哺乳动物细胞中NAD +/NAD +/NADH的比率超过四十年(Bernofsky和Swan,1973; Nisselbaum和Green,1969)。 />  在这里,我们详细描述了测定变异链球菌中游离细胞内NAD + 与NADH的比率的测定法。该循环测定是Bernofsky和Swan(Bernofsky和Swan,1973)首先描述的方案的修改版本,使用Frezza等人描述的提取缓冲液。 (2011),随后是由Gibbon和Larher描述的减少的MTT降水(Gibon和Larher,1997)。如图1所示,使用乙醇脱氢酶来驱动一系列氧化还原反应,利用来自样品提取物的外源添加的乙醇和NAD +作为初始底物,吩嗪乙硫酸盐(PES)作为电子载体,以及噻唑基蓝色四唑溴化物(MTT)作为末端电子受体。使用6M ...

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