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Acetic acid

醋酸

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 27225
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Polyamine Transport Assay Using Reconstituted Yeast Membranes
Author:
Date:
2021-01-20
[Abstract]  

ATP13A2/PARK9 is a late endo-/lysosomal P5B transport ATPase that is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. We recently characterized ATP13A2 as a lysosomal polyamine exporter, which sheds light on the molecular identity of the unknown mammalian polyamine transport system. Here, we describe step by step a protocol to measure radiolabeled polyamine transport in reconstituted vesicles from yeast cells overexpressing human ATP13A2. This protocol was developed as part of our recent publication (van Veen et al., 2020) and will be useful for characterizing the transport function of other putative polyamine transporters, such as isoforms of the P5B transport ATPases.

[摘要]  [摘要] ATP13A2 / PARK9是一种晚期内/溶酶体P5B转运ATPase,与多种神经退行性疾病有关。我们最近将ATP13A2表征为溶酶体多胺出口者,这为未知的哺乳动物多胺转运系统的分子身份提供了线索。在这里,我们逐步描述了从过量表达人ATP13A2的酵母细胞中测量重组囊泡中放射性标记的多胺转运的方案。该方案是我们最新出版物的一部分(van Veen等,2020),将有助于表征其他假定的多胺转运蛋白的转运功能,例如P5B转运ATPase的同工型。


[背景] ATP13A2 / PARK9编码一种普遍表达的晚期内-/溶酶体膜蛋白,与一系列神经退行性疾病有关,例如早发性帕金森氏病(Di Fonzo等,2007 ;Lin等,2008)和Kufor -Rakeb综合征(伴痴呆的早期帕金森病)(Ramirez等,2006 ;Park等,2011)。ATP13A2属于P型转运ATPase ,是一类活性转运蛋白,由于ATP水解而暂时形成磷酸中间产物(Kuhlbrandt ,2004年)。ATP13A2是P5亚家族的成员,该家族已在20多年前通过基因组测序鉴定出来(Axelsen和Palmgren ...

Generation of microRNA Sponge Library
Author:
Date:
2018-04-20
[Abstract]  This protocol describes the generation and functional validation of microRNA (miRNA) sponge or decoy constructs. When expressed from a strong promoter, these transcripts can sequester specific miRNA:RISC complexes, thereby resulting in a derepression of endogenous target mRNA. Hence, cells expressing such sponges display a partial or full miRNA loss-of-function phenotype.

Depending on the sponge sequence, the activity of any miRNA of choice can be inhibited by sponge sequestration, but it should be noted that these constructs do not seem to be specific for one particular miRNA. Rather, all miRNAs of the same family as defined by the seed sequence will be affected, albeit to a different degree.
[摘要]  该协议描述了microRNA(miRNA)海绵或诱饵构建体的产生和功能验证。 当从强启动子表达时,这些转录物可以隔离特定的miRNA:RISC复合物,从而导致内源性靶mRNA的去阻遏。 因此,表达这种海绵的细胞表现出部分或完全的miRNA功能丧失表型。

根据海绵序列的不同,所选择的miRNA的活性可以通过海绵螯合来抑制,但是应该指出,这些构建体对于一种特定的miRNA似乎并不是特异性的。 相反,由种子序列定义的同一家族的所有miRNA将受到影响,尽管程度不同。

【背景】微小RNA(miRNA)是短的非编码RNA,其大小约为21-24个核苷酸,其在转录后沉默哺乳动物中所有蛋白质编码基因的大部分。自从他们发现以来,越来越多的研究已经清楚地将这个监管层确定为几乎所有生理过程的关键要素。在这种情况下并不奇怪,miRNA的异常表达也与几种人类恶性肿瘤包括癌症有因果关系。

使用经典的功能增益方法,早期研究通常利用过表达来评估特定miRNA的功能。然而,与生理环境相比,这可以达到高达100倍或更高的miRNA水平,并且可能产生不一定与miRNA的正常功能相关的表型。

为了避免可能的过度表达伪影的这个显而易见的问题,在过去几年中已经开发了用于体内和体内使用的miRNA抑制的几种技术,从而允许分析一种特定的miRNA或一组miRNA以功能丧失的方式。这些包括例如miRNA诱饵或海绵的表达,通过以序列特异性方式隔离miRNA:RISC复合物来干扰miRNA功能的长转录物(Ebert等人。 ...

Rubisco Extraction and Purification from Diatoms
Author:
Date:
2017-03-20
[Abstract]  This protocol describes a method to extract ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) from diatoms (Bacillariophyta) to determine catalytic performance. This protocol has been adapted from use in cyanobacteria and higher plants (Andrews, 1988; Whitney and Sharwood, 2007). First part (steps A1-A3) of the extraction provides a crude extract of Rubisco that is sufficient for carboxylation assays to measure the Michaelis constant for CO2 (KC) and the catalytic turnover rate (kcatc). However, the further purification steps outlined (steps B1-B4) are needed for measurements of Rubisco CO2/O2 Specificity (SC/O, [Kane et al., 1994]). [摘要]  该方案描述了从硅藻(“芽孢杆菌”)提取核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶加氧酶(Rubisco)的方法以确定催化性能。该方案已经在蓝细菌和高等植物中得到了应用(Andrews,1988; Whitney and Sharwood,2007)。提取的第一部分(步骤A1-A3)提供Rubisco的粗提取物,其足以用于羧化测定以测量CO 2(K 3 C)的Michaelis常数和催化更换率( k c )。然而,为了测量Rubisco CO 2 / O 2特异性(S C / O )需要进一步的纯化步骤(步骤B1-B4) >,[Kane等人,1994])。背景 核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶加氧酶(Rubisco,EC 4.1.1.39)催化了CO 2光合同化的第一步,因此在光合作用和全球碳循环中起着重要的作用。 Rubisco已经从古菌,细菌,藻类和植物的各种生物体中分离出来,并且在生物体之间显示出各种各样的动力学(Galmes等人,2014年; Tcherkez等人,2006; Whitney等人,2011)。 Rubisco动力学的知识是了解光合作用以及因此碳的生物沉积物对人为CO ...

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