| Efficient Generation of Multi-gene Knockout Cell Lines and Patient-derived Xenografts Using Multi-colored Lenti-CRISPR-Cas9
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Author:
Date:
2017-04-05
[Abstract] CRISPR-Cas9 based knockout strategies are increasingly used to analyze gene function. However, redundancies and overlapping functions in biological signaling pathways can call for generating multi-gene knockout cells, which remains a relatively laborious process. Here we detail the application of multi-color LentiCRISPR vectors to simultaneously generate single and multiple knockouts in human cells. We provide a complete protocol, including guide RNA design, LentiCRISPR cloning, viral production and transduction, as well as strategies for sorting and screening knockout cells. The validity of the process is demonstrated by the simultaneous deletion of up to four programmed cell death mediators in leukemic cell lines and patient-derived acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts, in which ...
[摘要] 基于CRISPR-Cas9的敲除策略越来越多地用于分析基因功能。然而，生物信号通路中的冗余和重叠功能可能需要产生多基因敲除细胞，这仍然是一个相对费力的过程。在这里，我们详细介绍了多色LentiCRISPR载体在人体细胞中同时产生单次和多次敲除的应用。我们提供了一个完整的方案，包括指导RNA设计，LentiCRISPR克隆，病毒生产和转导，以及排序和筛选敲除细胞的策略。该过程的有效性通过同时删除白血病细胞系中多达四个程序性细胞死亡介质和来自患者来源的急性淋巴细胞白血病异种移植物，其中单细胞克隆是不可行的。该协议允许任何具有基本细胞生物学设备的实验室，生物安全2级设备和荧光激活细胞分选功能，可在一个月内有效产生单基因和多基因敲除细胞系或原代细胞。
从对细菌基因组中被称为聚簇定期交织的短回文重复（CRISPR）的遗传元件的好奇的初步观察开始（Ishino等人，1987; Mojica等人，2000 ）和随后在哺乳动物细胞中的基因编辑（Cong等人，2013; Mali等人，2013），CRISPR-Cas9已经成为廉价和有效的基因编辑。随着从烟草植物细胞到斑马鱼和原代人类细胞（Hsu等人，2014）的细胞系统的成功应用，CRISPR-Cas9可以通过短的20个核苷酸RNA序列的设计来引导在大基因组内的靶向DNA双链断裂（DSB）（Park等人，2016）。 ...
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| Differential Salt Fractionation of Nuclei to Analyze Chromatin-associated Proteins from Cultured Mammalian Cells
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Author:
Date:
2017-03-20
[Abstract] Nucleosomes are the core units of cellular chromatin and are comprised of 147 base pairs (bp) of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Proteins such as chromatin remodelers, transcription factors, and DNA repair proteins interact dynamically with chromatin to regulate access to DNA, control gene transcription, and maintain genome integrity. The extent of association with chromatin changes rapidly in response to stresses, such as immune activation, oxidative stress, or viral infection, resulting in downstream effects on chromatin conformation and transcription of target genes. To elucidate changes in the composition of proteins associated with chromatin under different conditions, we adapted existing protocols to isolate nuclei and fractionate cellular chromatin using a ...
[摘要] 核小体是细胞染色质的核心单元，由包裹在组蛋白的八聚体周围的147个碱基对（bp）的DNA组成。蛋白质如染色质重组体，转录因子和DNA修复蛋白质与染色质动态相互作用以调控DNA的接触，控制基因转录和维持基因组完整性。与染色质结合的程度响应于诸如免疫激活，氧化应激或病毒感染等应激而迅速变化，导致对染色质构象和靶基因转录的下游作用。为了阐明在不同条件下与染色质相关蛋白质组成的变化，我们调整了现有的方案来分离核，并使用盐浓度的梯度分离细胞染色质。可以通过蛋白质印迹或质谱法评估不同盐部分中特定蛋白质的存在，从而了解与染色质相关的程度。
背景 由于与DNA或组蛋白的电荷相互作用，许多染色质相关蛋白在低盐条件下是不溶的。由于盐破坏了基于电荷的蛋白质DNA和蛋白质 - 蛋白质的相互作用，染色质相关蛋白质随着NaCl浓度的增加而变得更加可溶（Teves和Henikoff，2012）。与DNA强烈结合的蛋白质预期用高盐洗脱，而松散结合的蛋白质（例如转录因子）将用低盐洗脱。我们特别关心病毒感染如何改变与细胞染色质相关的因素的组成。核复制病毒，例如腺病毒，单纯疱疹病毒和爱泼斯坦 - 巴尔病毒，可以显着改变感染期间宿主染色质的出现（Avgousti等人，2016; Lam等人， ，2010; Simpson-Holley等人，2005; ...
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| Ribosomal RNA N-glycosylase Activity Assay of Ribosome-inactivating Proteins
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Author:
Date:
2017-03-20
[Abstract] Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes that irreversibly inactivate ribosomes as a consequence of their N-glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.22) activity. The enzyme cleaves the N-glycosidic bond between the adenine No. 4324 from the 28S rRNA and its ribose in rat ribosomes (or the equivalent adenine in sensitive ribosomes from other organisms). This adenine is located in the α-sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) that is crucial for anchoring the elongation factor (EF) G and EF2 on the ribosome during mRNA-tRNA translocation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively. RIPs have been isolated mainly from plants and examples of these proteins are ricin or Pokeweed Antiviral Protein (PAP). These proteins, either alone or as a part of immunotoxins, are useful tools for cancer therapy. The following ...
[摘要] 核糖体失活蛋白（RIP）是由于其N-糖基化酶（EC 3.2.2.22）活性而不可逆地灭活核糖体的酶。酶从28S rRNA的腺嘌呤编号4324和大鼠核糖体中的核糖（或来自其他生物体的敏感核糖体中的等同腺嘌呤）切割N-糖苷键。该腺嘌呤位于α-原丝素 - 蓖麻毒素环（SRL）中，这对于在原核生物和真核生物中的mRNA-tRNA易位期间分别在核糖体上锚定延伸因子（EF）G和EF2至关重要。 RIP主要从植物中分离出来，这些蛋白质的实例是蓖麻毒蛋白或者口服抗病毒蛋白（PAP）。这些蛋白质，单独或作为免疫毒素的一部分，是癌症治疗的有用工具。以下方案描述了当通过在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上电泳在来自兔网织红细胞裂解物的RIP处理的脱嘌呤RNA在酸性苯胺存在下孵育时检测释放的RNA片段的方法。发布的片段（Endo的片段）是RIP的动作的诊断。
Endo和Tsurugi首先在大鼠核糖体中描述了RIP对真核28S rRNA的N-糖基化酶活性，蓖麻毒素（Endo and ...
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