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Potassium ferricyanide(III)

铁氰化钾(III)

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 702587
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Examining Autophagy in Plant by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Author:
Date:
2018-10-20
[Abstract]  In plants, macroautophagy, here referred as autophagy, is a degradation pathway during which the double-membrane structure named autophagosome engulfs the cargo and then fuses with vacuole for material recycling.

To investigate the process of autophagy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to monitor the ultrastructure of autophagic structures and identify the cargo during this process due to its high resolution. Compared to other autophagy examination methods including biochemical assays and confocal microscopy, TEM is the only method that indicates the morphology of autophagic structures in nanoscale, which is considered to be one of the best ways to illustrate the morphology of autophagic intermediates and the substrate of autophagy. Here, we describe the ...
[摘要]  在植物中,巨自噬,这里称为自噬,是一种降解途径,在此期间,称为自噬体的双膜结构吞噬货物,然后与液泡融合以进行材料回收。

为了研究自噬过程,透射电子显微镜(TEM)用于监测自噬结构的超微结构,并由于其高分辨率在此过程中识别货物。 与其他自噬检测方法(包括生化检测和共聚焦显微镜)相比,TEM是唯一能够显示纳米级自噬结构形态的方法,被认为是阐明自噬中间体形态和自噬基质的最佳方法之一。。 在这里,我们描述了使用TEM在 Nicotiana benthamiana >叶细胞中的自噬检测分析。

【背景】自噬是真核生物中高度保守的大分子降解途径(Dikic,2017)。在植物中,自噬是由几种胁迫条件诱导的,包括饥饿,氧化应激,盐胁迫和衰老(Doelling et al。>,2002; Hanaoka et al。>,2002; Liu et al。>,2005; Bassham,2007; Liu and Bassham,2009; Luo et al。>,2017)。在自噬期间,称为自噬体的双膜囊泡在细胞质中形成并转运到中央液泡中,其中自噬体的外膜与液泡膜融合。然后被称为自噬体的单膜结构进入液泡腔并最终降解(Ohsumi,2001; Liu和Bassham,2012)。

到目前为止,已经建立了许多检测植物自噬的方法。常用的检测方法是共聚焦显微镜,电子显微镜和生化方法。至于共聚焦显微镜检测,自噬标记包括与荧光蛋白融合的ATG8,ATG5和SH3P2用于标记自噬相关结构(Zhuang ...

Quantitation of Cytochromes b559, b6, and f, and the Core Component of Photosystem I P700 in Cyanobacterial Cells
Author:
Date:
2016-11-05
[Abstract]  Cytochrome (Cyt) b559, an important and essential core component of photosystem II in the photosynthetic electron transport system, is a heme-bridged heterodimer protein composed of an alpha subunit (PsbE) and a beta subunit (PsbE), and its reduced form has an absorption maximum in the α-band at 559 nm. The amounts of Cyt b559 can be determined by spectrophotometrical measurement of reduced minus oxidized difference spectra that are normalized with absorbance of isosbestic point at 580 nm. The authors use differential extinction coefficients of Cyt b559 [Δε(559-580 nm) = 15.5 mM-1·cm-1], which have been reported by Garewal and Wasserman (1974). In addition to the Cyt b559, this ... [摘要]  dA 6m DNA免疫沉淀随后深度测序(DIP-Seq)是鉴定和研究N 6 - 甲基脱氧腺苷(dA 6)的全基因组分布的关键工具, 6m )。这种新的DNA修饰的精确功能仍然需要完全阐明,但是已知转录起始位点不存在并且从外显子中排除,表明在转录调节中的作用(Koziol等人,2015 )。重要的是,其存在表明DNA可能比先前认为的更多样化,因为进一步的DNA修饰可能存在于真核DNA中(Koziol等人,2015)。该方案描述了进行dA 6m DNA免疫沉淀(DIP)的方法,其用于表征高等真核生物中的第一dA 6m甲基化酶分析(Koziol等人。,2015)。在该协议中,我们描述了如何基因组DNA被分离,片段化,然后用识别基因组DNA中的dA 6m 的抗体拉下含有dA 6m 的DNA。在随后的洗涤之后,消除不含dA 6m的DNA片段,并且从抗体洗脱含有dA 6m的片段,以便进一步处理用于随后的分析。

[背景] 此协议是为了识别基因组中包含dA 6m 的区域而开发的。它可以用于检测不同基因组中的dA 6m 。作为指导,本方案从用于检测RNA中腺苷甲基化的现有方法建立(Dominissini等人,2013)。我们开发这个协议,并适应它的dA 6 m 在DNA中的检测,而不是检测腺苷甲基化RNA。这是必需的,因为当时没有方案可用于允许在真核DNA中dA ...

Morphological Quantification of Nuclei and Mitochondria in Serial Block-face Scanning Electron Microscopy Images
Author:
Date:
2015-09-20
[Abstract]  Serial Block-face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM or 3D-EM) is a powerful tool to study biological structure in ultrastructural level. Quantification of cellular ultrastructure is useful to providing biological information. This technique requires not only high quality of tissue fixation and ideal sample embedding to preserve structures, but also delicate 3D image scanning and post-processing of images. We have adapted previous method to optimize the EM technique to detect and study cellular ultrastructure. Here we present the method to embed samples for 3D-EM technique and to quantify the morphological parameters of nucleus and mitochondria.

Part I. Tissue embedding for 3D-EM images
[摘要]  串行块面扫描电子显微镜(SBF-SEM或3D-EM)是研究超微结构水平生物结构的强大工具。 细胞超微结构的定量对于提供生物信息是有用的。 这种技术不仅需要高质量的组织固定和理想的样品嵌入以保存结构,而且还需要精细的3D图像扫描和图像的后处理。 我们改编以前的方法优化EM技术检测和研究细胞超微结构。 在这里我们提出嵌入样品的3D-EM技术和量化的核和线粒体的形态参数的方法。

第I部分:3D-EM图像的组织嵌入

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