| Saccharification Protocol for Small-scale Lignocellulosic Biomass Samples to Test Processing of Cellulose into Glucose
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Author:
Date:
2016-01-05
[Abstract] Second generation biofuels are derived from inedible lignocellulosic biomass of food and non-food crops. Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of cell walls that contain a large proportion of cellulosic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides. An interesting route to generate biofuels and bio-based materials is via enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides into fermentable sugars, a process called saccharification. The released sugars can then be fermented to fuels, e.g., by use of yeast.
To test the saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass on a lab-scale, a manual saccharification protocol was established that uses only small amounts of biomass and a low concentration of enzyme. This protocol can be used for different plant species like Arabidopsis ...
[摘要] 第二代生物燃料衍生自食物和非食物作物的不可食用的木质纤维素生物质。木质纤维素生物质主要由含有大比例的纤维素和半纤维素多糖的细胞壁组成。生成生物燃料和生物基材料的有趣途径是通过将细胞壁多糖酶水解成可发酵的糖，这一过程称为糖化。释放的糖然后可以例如通过使用酵母发酵成燃料。
为了在实验室规模上测试木质纤维素生物质的糖化效率，建立了仅使用少量生物质和低浓度酶的手动糖化方案。该方案可以用于不同的植物物种，例如拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana），烟草，玉米和杨树。低的酶浓度使得可以检测糖化产量的微妙改进并分析水解的速度。虽然包括特定的酸和碱预处理，但是糖化步骤可以在任何其它预处理之后。由于不需要先进的设备，该方案可以在许多实验室进行以分析糖化产量。该方案最初在Van Acker等人（2013）中描述。
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| Extraction and Identification of T Cell Stimulatory Self-lipid Antigens
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Author:
Date:
2015-06-05
[Abstract] Autoreactive T cells restricted to CD1 molecules and specific for endogenous lipids are abundant in human blood (de Jong et al., 2010; de Lalla et al., 2011). A few self-lipid molecules recognized by diverse individual T cell clones and accumulated within APCs following stress signals or cell transformation have been identified so far (de Jong et al., 2010; Chang et al., 2008; Lepore et al., 2014). These findings suggested that auto-reactive CD1-restricted T cells display broad lipid specificities and may play critical roles in different types of immune responses including cancer immune surveillance, autoimmunity and antimicrobial immunity. Therefore, the identification of the repertoire of self-lipid molecules recognized by T cells is ...
[摘要] 限于CD1分子并且对内源性脂质特异的自身反应性T细胞在人血液中是丰富的（de Jong等人，2010; de Lalla等人，2011）。迄今已经鉴定了多种单个T细胞克隆识别并在应激信号或细胞转化后在APC内积累的一些自身脂质分子（de Jong等人，2010; Chang等人。，2008; Lepore ，2014）。这些研究结果表明自反应CD1限制性T细胞显示广泛的脂质特异性，可能在不同类型的免疫反应，包括癌症免疫监视，自身免疫和抗微生物免疫中发挥关键作用。因此，鉴定由T细胞识别的自身脂质分子的所有组成成分对于研究该T细胞群的生理功能和评估其治疗潜力是重要的（Lepore等人，2014）。这里我们描述了我们建立的用于分离和鉴定源自白血病细胞的内源性脂质的方案，其刺激特异性自身反应性CD1c限制性T淋巴细胞（Lepore等人，2014）。该方案可以应用于从任何类型的靶细胞分离脂质抗原，并研究限制于所有CD1同种型的自身反应性T细胞的自身脂质抗原特异性（Facciotti等人，2012）。
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| Murine Liver Myeloid Cell Isolation Protocol
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Author:
Date:
2015-05-20
[Abstract] In homeostasis, the liver is critical for the metabolism of nutrients including sugars, lipids, proteins and iron, for the clearance of toxins, and to induce immune tolerance to gut-derived antigens. These functions predispose the liver to infection by blood-borne pathogens, and to a variety of diseases ranging from toxin and medication-induced disorders (CCl4, acetaminophen) to metabolic disorders (steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, biliary obstruction, cholestasis) or autoimmunity. Chronic liver injury often progresses to life threatening fibrosis and can end in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (Pellicoro et al., 2014).
The liver contains parenchymal cells or hepatocytes that make up the majority of hepatic cells. It also contains ...
[摘要] 在内环境稳定中，肝脏对于营养物质（包括糖，脂质，蛋白质和铁）的代谢是关键的，用于清除毒素，并诱导对肠衍生的抗原的免疫耐受。这些功能使肝脏感染由血源性病原体引起的感染，并且导致各种疾病，从毒素和药物诱导的疾病（CCl 4，对乙酰氨基酚）到代谢性疾病（脂肪性肝炎，酒精性肝病，胆汁阻塞，胆汁淤积）或自身免疫。慢性肝损伤常常进展为威胁生命的纤维化，并且可以在肝硬化和肝细胞癌中结束（Pellicoro等人，2014）。
肝脏含有构成肝细胞大部分的实质细胞或肝细胞。它还含有非实质结构细胞，例如窦状内皮细胞和大量非实质的先天免疫细胞，主要是单核细胞，嗜中性粒细胞，巨噬细胞，DC，NK和NKT细胞，其在感染的情况下可触发适应性免疫应答或其他致病性侮辱（Jenne和Kubes，2013）。如何调节这种免疫应答决定了急性和慢性肝损伤的程度（Stijlemans等人，2014）。在这种情况下，肝巨噬细胞已经被证明在肝损伤中发挥中心但发散（从启动到分解）功能。（Sica等人，2014）。在过去几年中已经变得清楚的是，肝巨噬细胞由两类，组织驻留巨噬细胞，源自卵黄囊/胎儿肝祖细胞的库普弗细胞（KC）和来源于骨髓衍生的Ly6C的组织浸润巨噬细胞Hi 单核细胞（Jinhoux和Jung，2014; ...
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