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Nonfat-dried milk

牛奶干牛奶

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: M7409
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High-level Production of Recombinant Membrane Proteins Using the Engineered Escherichia coli Strains SuptoxD and SuptoxR
Author:
Date:
2020-08-05
[Abstract]  We have previously described the development of two specialized Escherichia coli strains for high-level recombinant membrane protein (MP) production. These engineered strains, termed SuptoxD and SuptoxR, are capable of suppressing the cytotoxicity caused by MP overexpression and of producing greatly enhanced MP yields. Here, we present a Bio-protocol that describes gene overexpression and culturing conditions that maximize the accumulation of membrane-integrated and well-folded recombinant MPs in these strains. [摘要]  [摘要] 我们之前已经描述了两种用于生产高水平重组膜蛋白(MP)的大肠杆菌菌株的开发。这些工程菌株,称为SuptoxD和SuptoxR,能够抑制MP过度表达引起的细胞毒性,并产生显著提高的MP产量。在这里,我们提出一个生物协议,描述基因过度表达和培养条件,最大限度地积累膜整合和折叠良好的重组多磺酸粘多糖在这些菌株。

[背景]多磺酸粘多糖在所有活生物体的细胞中执行多种关键功能(Wagner et al.,2006;Schlegel et al.,2010),是当前和未来药物的主要靶点(Yildrim et al.,2007)。获得足够数量的分离蛋白是进行生化和结构研究的前提,这反过来又可以加深对其功能的理解,并发现新的MP靶向药物。

由于多磺酸粘多糖通常在其天然环境中以极低的丰度出现,异源宿主通常用于其重组过表达和随后的纯化。许多不同的系统已被用作原核和真核来源的多种多磺酸粘多糖的过表达宿主(Wagner等人,2006年)。其中,大肠杆菌是最受欢迎的一种,因为它的成本非常低,使用方便(Makino等人,2011年)。事实上,这种细菌已经成功地用于生产储存在蛋白质数据库中的所有重组产生的MP结构的大约20%(Dilworth等人,2018年)。尽管有这些优势和成功,但使用大肠杆菌作为MP生产的异源宿主通常伴随着严重的毒性、低水平的最终生物量和微小的最终产量(Miroux和Walker,1996;Wagner等人,2007;Link等人,2008;Gubellini等人,2011)。 ...

Efficient Generation of Multi-gene Knockout Cell Lines and Patient-derived Xenografts Using Multi-colored Lenti-CRISPR-Cas9
Author:
Date:
2017-04-05
[Abstract]  CRISPR-Cas9 based knockout strategies are increasingly used to analyze gene function. However, redundancies and overlapping functions in biological signaling pathways can call for generating multi-gene knockout cells, which remains a relatively laborious process. Here we detail the application of multi-color LentiCRISPR vectors to simultaneously generate single and multiple knockouts in human cells. We provide a complete protocol, including guide RNA design, LentiCRISPR cloning, viral production and transduction, as well as strategies for sorting and screening knockout cells. The validity of the process is demonstrated by the simultaneous deletion of up to four programmed cell death mediators in leukemic cell lines and patient-derived acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts, in which ... [摘要]  基于CRISPR-Cas9的敲除策略越来越多地用于分析基因功能。然而,生物信号通路中的冗余和重叠功能可能需要产生多基因敲除细胞,这仍然是一个相对费力的过程。在这里,我们详细介绍了多色LentiCRISPR载体在人体细胞中同时产生单次和多次敲除的应用。我们提供了一个完整的方案,包括指导RNA设计,LentiCRISPR克隆,病毒生产和转导,以及排序和筛选敲除细胞的策略。该过程的有效性通过同时删除白血病细胞系中多达四个程序性细胞死亡介质和来自患者来源的急性淋巴细胞白血病异种移植物,其中单细胞克隆是不可行的。该协议允许任何具有基本细胞生物学设备的实验室,生物安全2级设备和荧光激活细胞分选功能,可在一个月内有效产生单基因和多基因敲除细胞系或原代细胞。

从对细菌基因组中被称为聚簇定期交织的短回文重复(CRISPR)的遗传元件的好奇的初步观察开始(Ishino等人,1987; Mojica等人,2000 )和随后在哺乳动物细胞中的基因编辑(Cong等人,2013; Mali等人,2013),CRISPR-Cas9已经成为廉价和有效的基因编辑。随着从烟草植物细胞到斑马鱼和原代人类细胞(Hsu等人,2014)的细胞系统的成功应用,CRISPR-Cas9可以通过短的20个核苷酸RNA序列的设计来引导在大基因组内的靶向DNA双链断裂(DSB)(Park等人,2016)。 ...

DNA Slot Blot Repair Assay
Author:
Date:
2015-04-20
[Abstract]  Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces helix distorting photolesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts (6-4PP) which threaten genomic integrity if unrepaired. In mammals, nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the only pathway that removes UV-induced DNA damages. Here we describe DNA slot blot repair assay for quantitative detection of NER activity using DNA damage specific antibodies such as anti-CPD and anti-6-4PP. Briefly, genomic DNA irradiated with UV was isolated from cells, and the genomic DNA was vacuum-transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane using a Bio-Dot SF microfiltration apparatus (Bio-Rad). A monoclonal antibody that recognizes CPD or 6-4PP was applied to detect the remaining amount of photolesions in the genomic DNA. For ... [摘要]  紫外线(UV)照射诱导螺旋扭曲光致损伤,例如环丁烷嘧啶二聚体(CPD)和嘧啶 - 嘧啶酮(6-4)光产物(6-4PP),如果未修复则威胁基因组完整性。 在哺乳动物中,核苷酸切除修复(NER)是去除UV诱导的DNA损伤的唯一途径。 在这里我们描述DNA狭缝印迹修复测定NER活性使用DNA损伤特异性抗体如抗CPD和抗6-4PP的定量检测。 简言之,从细胞中分离用UV照射的基因组DNA,使用Bio-Dot SF微量过滤装置(Bio-Rad)将基因组DNA真空转移到硝酸纤维素膜上。 应用识别CPD或6-4PP的单克隆抗体来检测基因组DNA中残留的光损伤量。 对于均匀负载的上样控制,可以通过SYBR金染色进一步分析DNA在膜上。

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