{{'Search' | translate}}
 

Trifluoroacetic acid

三氟乙酸

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 302031
Bio-protocol()
Company-protocol()
Other protocol()

Digestion of Peptidoglycan and Analysis of Soluble Fragments
Author:
Date:
2017-08-05
[Abstract]  Peptidoglycan (murein) is a vital component of the cell wall of nearly all bacteria, composed of sugars linked by short peptides. This protocol describes the purification of macromolecular peptidoglycan from cultured bacteria and the analysis of enzyme-digested peptidoglycan fragments using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Digested peptidoglycan fragments can be identified by mass spectrometry, or predicted by comparing retention times with other published chromatograms. The quantitative nature of this method allows for the measurement of changes to peptidoglycan composition between different species of bacteria, growth conditions, or mutations. This method can determine the overall architecture of peptidoglycan, such as peptide stem length, the extent of cross-linking, and ... [摘要]  肽聚糖(murein)是由短肽连接的糖组成的几乎所有细菌的细胞壁的重要组成部分。 该方案描述了从培养细菌中纯化大分子肽聚糖和使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析酶消化的肽聚糖片段。 消化的肽聚糖片段可以通过质谱鉴定,或通过比较保留时间与其他公开的色谱图预测。 该方法的定量性质允许测量不同种类的细菌,生长条件或突变之间肽聚糖组成的变化。 该方法可以确定肽聚糖的总体结构,如肽长度,交联程度和修饰。 已经使用神经肽分析来研究肽聚糖相关蛋白的功能和细菌获得抗生素抗性的机制。
【背景】肽聚糖由通过肽干连接在一起的糖骨架组成,其产生对细胞形状重要的网状结构和细菌细胞的膨胀压力。大分子肽聚糖从在细胞质中合成的单体单元组装,并由具有5个氨基酸的茎组成的具有5个氨基酸的葡萄糖胺和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖二糖组成。当单体翻转到周质中时,通过反式糖基化将其加入到聚糖链中,并且通过转肽酶将一部分肽茎连接在一起。
 包含肽干的氨基酸可以根据物种变化,但通常以L-丙氨酸,D-谷氨酸,内消旋二氨基庚二酸,D-丙氨酸,D-丙氨酸,丙氨酸,在一些革兰氏阳性中,L-赖氨酸代替二氨基庚二酸。通过直接或通过连接氨基酸连接第三或第四氨基酸的第三个氨基酸的游离胺进行交联(Schleifer和Kandler,1972)。其他常见的修饰包括氨基酸的酰胺化(Kato和Strominger,1968)和O-乙酰化(Clarke和Dupont,1992)或者N-脱乙酰化(Araki ...

An HPLC-based Method to Quantify Coronatine Production by Bacteria
Author:
Date:
2017-03-05
[Abstract]  Coronatine is a polyketide phytotoxin produced by several pathovars of the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. It is one of the most important virulence factors determining the success of bacterial pathogenesis in the plant at both epiphytic and endophytic stages of the disease cycle. This protocol describes an optimized procedure to culture bacterial cells for coronatine production and to quantify the amount of coronatine secreted in the culture medium using an HPLC-based method. [摘要]  冠心病是由植物病原菌的几种病原体产生的聚酮化合物植物毒素。它是在疾病周期的附生和内生期阶段确定植物细菌发病机制成功的最重要的毒力因素之一。该方案描述了用于培养用于冠状病毒产生的细菌细胞的优化方法,并且使用基于HPLC的方法定量培养基中分泌的冠状动脉的量。

背景 Coronatine(COR)是有效的细菌植物毒素,是植物激素茉莉酮酸-L异亮氨酸(JA-Ile)的分子模拟物。因此,COR激活茉莉酸(JA)信号传导,诱导JA响应基因,并拮抗免疫信号水杨酸的作用。 COR由两种成分组成:冠心病(CFA)和冠状氨酸(CMA)。编码CMA和CFA生物合成的基因在细菌中不是组成型表达的。相反,当细菌在诱导培养基中生长时,这些基因在植物叶片表面或植物体内或/或体外诱导(Palmer和Bender,1993; Panchal等等,2016)。本文介绍了从Panchal等人改编的方法。 (2016),以确定细菌产生冠心病的能力,可用作毒性指征。

Determination of Molecular Structures of Condensed Tannins from Plant Tissues Using HPLC-UV Combined with Thiolysis and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Author:
Date:
2016-10-20
[Abstract]  Condensed tannins extracted from plant tissues are suitable substitutes for phenolic resins. Their molecular structure, which might influence their chemical reactivity, can be assessed by the use of both HPLC-UV after acid thiolysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Thiolysis of plant extracts in acidic methanol with cysteamine hydrochloride results in the release of the monomeric units of the condensed tannin oligomers that can be further quantified by reversed-phase HPLC-UV by comparison with analytical standards. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as matrix and K+ as cationization agent highlights the molecular structural characteristics (e.g., monomeric unit sequence) of the tannin oligomers. The methodologies permit the estimation of the ... [摘要]  从植物组织提取的缩合单宁是酚醛树脂的合适替代物。它们的可能影响它们的化学反应性的分子结构可以通过在酸硫解和MALDI-TOF质谱之后使用HPLC-UV来评估。用半胱胺盐酸盐在酸性甲醇中溶解植物提取物导致缩合的单宁寡聚体的单体单元的释放,其可以通过与分析标准比较通过反相HPLC-UV进一步定量。使用2,5-二羟基苯甲酸作为基质和K sup +作为阳离子化试剂的MALDI-TOF质谱分析突出了单宁的分子结构特征(例如单体单元序列)低聚物。该方法允许估计平均和最大(可观察)聚合度,单体单元的类型和单宁单体的糖基化和/或酯化的存在。

[背景] 缩合单宁是由可从几种植物组织(例如软木树皮)中提取的黄烷-3-醇单体单元组成的多酚低聚物。它们已被认为是树脂配方(例如木材粘合剂和泡沫材料)中合成酚醛树脂的合适替代品。在缩合鞣酸中检测到的最常见的黄烷-3-醇单体,其羟基化模式和立体化学不同,如图1所示。

"src ="/attached/image/20161012/20161012024340_4416.jpg"/>
图1.在缩合单宁结构中确定的最常见的单体

  低聚物中单体单元的具体结构和聚合度强烈影响单宁的化学反应性和物理性质,例如与醛的缩合反应速率,重金属螯合能力和水溶液的粘度溶液(Pizzi和Stephanou,1994; ...

Comments