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Pepstatin A

胃酶抑素A

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: P4265
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An Improved Method for Measuring Chromatin-binding Dynamics Using Time-dependent Formaldehyde Crosslinking
Author:
Date:
2018-02-20
[Abstract]  Formaldehyde crosslinking is widely used in combination with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to measure the locations along DNA and relative levels of transcription factor (TF)-DNA interactions in vivo. However, the measurements that are typically made do not provide unambiguous information about the dynamic properties of these interactions. We have developed a method to estimate binding kinetic parameters from time-dependent formaldehyde crosslinking data, called crosslinking kinetics (CLK) analysis. Cultures of yeast cells are crosslinked with formaldehyde for various periods of time, yielding the relative ChIP signal at particular loci. We fit the data using the mass-action CLK model to extract kinetic parameters of the TF-chromatin interaction, including the on- and ... [摘要]  甲醛交联广泛用于与染色质免疫沉淀(ChIP)相结合来测量沿着DNA的相对位置以及转录因子(TF)-DNA相互作用的体内相对水平。但是,通常所做的测量不能提供关于这些交互的动态属性的明确信息。我们已经开发了一种方法来评估来自时间依赖性甲醛交联数据的结合动力学参数,称为交联动力学(CLK)分析。酵母细胞的培养物与甲醛交联不同的时间段,在特定位点产生相对的ChIP信号。我们使用质量作用CLK模型来拟合数据,以提取TF-染色质相互作用的动力学参数,包括开关速率和交联速率。从停车费和停车费中我们可以获得停车和停车时间。以下方案是该方法的第二次迭代,CLKv2,更新了改进的交联和淬火条件,更多关于交联速率的信息以及对观察到的动力学模型建模的系统程序。已应用CLKv2分析来研究TATA结合蛋白(TBP)和其他TF的选定子集的结合行为。该协议使用酵母细胞开发,但也可适用于来自其他生物体的细胞。

【背景】转录起始是一个复杂的过程,涉及染色质化启动子上数十种蛋白的协作和协调相互作用(Kim等人,2005; Encode Consortium,2012; Rhee等人, ,2012; Dowen等人,2014年)。许多研究已经研究了体外核心转录机器的组装和调控(Zawel和Reinberg,1992; Conaway和Conaway,1993; Roeder,1996; ...

Active Cdk5 Immunoprecipitation and Kinase Assay
Author:
Date:
2017-07-05
[Abstract]  Cdk5 activity is regulated by the amounts of two activator proteins, p35 and p39 (Tsai et al., 1994; Zheng et al., 1998; Humbert et al., 2000). The p35-Cdk5 and p39-Cdk5 complexes have differing sensitivity to salt and detergent concentrations (Hisanaga and Saito, 2003; Sato et al., 2007; Yamada et al., 2007; Asada et al., 2008). Cdk5 activation can be directly measured by immunoprecipitation of Cdk5 with its bound activator, followed by a Cdk5 kinase assay. In this protocol, buffers for cell lysis and immunoprecipitation are intended to preserve both p35- and p39-Cdk5 complexes to assess total Cdk5 activity. Cells are lysed and protein concentration is determined in the post-nuclear supernatant. Cdk5 is immunoprecipitated from equal ... [摘要]  Cdk5活性受两种激活蛋白p35和p39(Tsai et al。,1994; Zheng et al。,1998; Humbert等人)的量的调节,2000)。 p35-Cdk5和p39-Cdk5复合物对盐和洗涤剂浓度的敏感性不同(Hisanaga和Saito,2003; Sato et al。,2007; Yamada等人, 2007; Asada 等人,2008)。 Cdk5激活可以通过Cdk5与其结合的激活剂的免疫沉淀直接测量,随后进行Cdk5激酶测定。在该方案中,用于细胞裂解和免疫沉淀的缓冲液旨在保持p35-和p39-Cdk5复合物以评估总Cdk5活性。裂解细胞,并在核后上清液中测定蛋白浓度。 Cdk5在实验组之间从等量的总蛋白免疫沉淀。然后进行洗涤以除去外来蛋白质并平衡激酶缓冲液中的Cdk5-活化剂复合物。然后将Cdk5与组蛋白H1孵育,组蛋白H1是Cdk5和[γ- 32 P] ATP在体外成功建立的靶标。反应通过SDS-PAGE解析并转移到膜上,用于可视化H1磷酸化和免疫沉淀的Cdk5水平的免疫印迹。我们已经使用该测定来建立p39作为少突神经胶质谱系中Cdk5的主要活化剂。然而,该测定法适用于对裂解条件进行适当调整的其它细胞谱系或组织。
【背景】虽然Cdk5通常与神经元功能相关,但最近的工作已经证明Cdk5也可以调节少突胶质细胞祖细胞(OPC)的发育(Tang等人,1998; ...

Expression and Purification of Mini G Proteins from Escherichia coli
Author:
Date:
2017-04-20
[Abstract]  Heterotrimeric G proteins modulate intracellular signalling by transducing information from cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cytoplasmic effector proteins. Structural and functional characterisation of GPCR–G protein complexes is important to fully decipher the mechanism of signal transduction. However, native G proteins are unstable and conformationally dynamic when coupled to a receptor. We therefore developed an engineered minimal G protein, mini-Gs, which formed a stable complex with GPCRs, and facilitated the crystallisation and structure determination of the human adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in its active conformation. Mini G proteins are potentially useful tools in a variety of applications, including characterising GPCR ... [摘要]  异源三聚体G蛋白通过将细胞表面G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)的信息转导至细胞质效应蛋白来调节细胞内信号传导。 GPCR-G蛋白复合物的结构和功能表征对于完全破译信号转导机制是重要的。然而,当与受体偶联时,天然G蛋白质是不稳定的并具有构象的动力学。因此,我们开发了一种工程化的最小G蛋白,其与GPCR形成稳定的复合物,促进了人腺苷A 2A受体的结晶和结构测定(A 2AR)的活性构象。 Mini G蛋白是各种应用中潜在有用的工具,包括表征GPCR药理学,结合亲和力和动力学实验,激动剂药物发现和GPCR-G蛋白复合物的结构测定。在这里,我们描述了一个用于表达和纯化mini-G 的详细方案。

我们最近报告了一种工程化的最小G蛋白质(Carpenter和Tate,2016)的开发,其促进了人腺苷A 2A受体的结晶( A 2 R 2)其活性构象(Carpenter等人,2016; Carpenter和Tate,2017)。不同于需要在真核系统中表达的异源三聚体G蛋白质,在大肠杆菌(大肠杆菌)中高度表达微型G蛋白,并且可以可以容易地纯化,每升培养物的产量为50-100mg的mini-G 。在这里,我们描述了早先在Carpenter和Tate(2016)中描述的可以用于前面描述的任何一种迷你G蛋白构建体的表达和纯化的逐步方案(Carpenter等人, ...

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