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N-ethyl maleimide

N-乙基马来酰亚胺

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: E3876
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FRET-based Microscopy Assay to Measure Activity of Membrane Amino Acid Transporters with Single-transporter Resolution
Author:
Date:
2021-04-05
[Abstract]  

Secondary active transporters reside in cell membranes transporting polar solutes like amino acids against steep concentration gradients, using electrochemical gradients of ions as energy sources. Commonly, ensemble-based measurements of radiolabeled substrate uptakes or transport currents inform on kinetic parameters of transporters. Here we describe a fluorescence-based functional assay for glutamate and aspartate transporters that provides single-transporter, single-transport cycle resolution using an archaeal elevator-type sodium and aspartate symporter GltPh as a model system. We prepare proteo-liposomes containing reconstituted purified GltPh transporters and an encapsulated periplasmic glutamate/aspartate-binding protein, PEB1a, labeled with donor and acceptor fluorophores. We then

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[摘要]  [摘要]次级活性转运蛋白驻留在细胞膜中,利用离子的电化学梯度作为能量源,可针对陡峭的浓度梯度转运极性氨基酸(如氨基酸)。通常,基于集合的放射性标记底物摄取或转运电流的测量可确定转运蛋白的动力学参数。在这里,我们描述了一种基于荧光的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸转运蛋白功能测定方法,该方法使用古细菌升降剂型钠和天冬氨酸共转运蛋白Glt Ph作为模型系统,提供了单转运蛋白,单转运周期的分辨率。我们准备包含重组的纯化的Glt Ph转运蛋白和封装的周质谷氨酸/天冬氨酸结合蛋白,PEB1a,用供体和受体荧光团标记的蛋白脂质体。然后,我们将蛋白脂质体表面固定化,并使用单分子全内反射荧光(TIRF)显微镜测量随时间变化的运输依赖性荧光共振能量转移(FRET)效率变化。与放射性配体摄取测定法相比,该测定法在时间分辨率上提高了10-100倍。它还可以对不同转运周期步骤进行动力学表征,并识别转运蛋白种群内的动力学异质性。


[背景]膜驻留的二级主动转运蛋白或溶质载体(SLC)介导氨基酸,激素,神经递质,维生素和药物等溶质的细胞摄取。他们将集中的底物摄取与主要通过Na + / K + ATPases的作用维持的离子电化学梯度的能量上有利的耗散结合在一起(Lingrel and Kuntzweiler ...

Detection of Intracellular Reduced (Catalytically Active) SHP-1 and Analyses of Catalytically Inactive SHP-1 after Oxidation by Pervanadate or H2O2
Author:
Date:
2018-01-05
[Abstract]  Oxidative inactivation of cysteine-dependent Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) by cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in regulating signal transduction in multiple cell types. The phosphatase activity of most PTPs depends upon a ‘signature’ cysteine residue within the catalytic domain that is maintained in the de-protonated state at physiological pH rendering it susceptible to ROS-mediated oxidation. Direct and indirect techniques for detection of PTP oxidation have been developed (Karisch and Neel, 2013). To detect catalytically active PTPs, cell lysates are treated with iodoacetyl-polyethylene glycol-biotin (IAP-biotin), which irreversibly binds to reduced (S-) cysteine thiols. Irreversible oxidation of SHP-1 after treatment of cells with ... [摘要]  细胞活性氧(ROS)对半胱氨酸依赖性蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP)的氧化失活在调节多种细胞类型的信号转导中起关键作用。大多数PTP的磷酸酶活性取决于催化结构域内的“标记”半胱氨酸残基,其在生理pH下保持质子化状态,使其易受ROS介导的氧化。已经开发了用于检测PTP氧化的直接和间接技术(Karisch和Neel,2013)。为了检测催化活性的PTP,用碘乙酰 - 聚乙二醇 - 生物素(IAP-生物素)处理细胞裂解物,所述碘乙酰 - 聚乙二醇 - 生物素(IAP-生物素)不可逆地结合还原的(S-5)半胱氨酸硫醇。使用对磺酸(SO 3)特异性的抗体检测用过钒酸盐或H 2 O 2 2处理细胞后SHP-1的不可逆氧化, H)形式的PTP的保守的活性位点半胱氨酸。在该协议中,我们描述了用于检测造血PTP SHP的还原(S ; active)或不可逆氧化(SO 3 H;非活性)形式的方法-1,尽管这种方法适用于任何细胞类型中的任何半胱氨酸依赖性PTP。

【背景】活性氧(ROS)由细胞NADPH氧化酶和线粒体产生。大多数蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP)含有保守的催化半胱氨酸,其具有低的解离常数(pKa),其对ROS的氧化非常敏感(Rudyk和Eaton,2014)。 PTP的ROS失活在许多细胞类型中调节酪氨酸激酶介导的信号传导反应中起重要作用。在用ROS H 2 O ...

Detection of Protein S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) in Plant Samples on Diaminofluorescein (DAF) Gels
Author:
Date:
2017-09-20
[Abstract]  In plant cells, the analysis of protein S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) under physiological and adverse stress conditions is essential to understand the mechanisms of Nitric oxide (NO)-based signaling. We adapted a previously reported protocol for detecting protein SNOs in animal systems (King et al., 2005) for plant samples. Briefly, proteins from plant samples are separated via non-reducing SDS-PAGE, then the NO bound by S-nitrosylated proteins is released using UV light and, finally, the NO is detected using the fluorescent probe DAF-FM (Rodriguez-Ruiz et al., 2017). Thus, the approach presented here provides a relatively quick and economical procedure that can be used to compare protein SNOs content in plant samples and provide insight in NO-based signaling ... [摘要]  在植物细胞中,生理和不利胁迫条件下的蛋白质S-亚硝基硫醇(SNO)的分析对于了解一氧化氮(NO)的信号传导机制至关重要。 我们调整了以前报告的用于检测动物系统中蛋白质SNO的方法(King等,2005),用于植物样品。 简言之,通过非还原性SDS-PAGE分离来自植物样品的蛋白质,然后使用UV光释放由S-亚硝基化蛋白质结合的NO,最后使用荧光探针DAF-FM检测NO(Rodriguez-Ruiz et 等等,2017)。 因此,本文提出的方法提供了相对快速和经济的方法,可用于比较植物样品中的蛋白质SNOs含量,并提供植物中基于NO的信号传导的洞察。
【背景】一氧化氮(NO)是一种自由基,可与各种生物分子阵列相互作用,包括蛋白质,脂质和核酸。在蛋白质的情况下,最相关的翻译后修饰(PTM)之一是NO基团与存在于肽或蛋白质中的半胱氨酸(Cys)的硫醇(-SH)侧链的共价连接。该修饰产生称为S-亚硝基硫醇(SNO)的家族,其是动物和植物系统中重要的化合物(Foster等人,2003; Lindermayr和Durner,2009; Astier等人,2011; ...

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