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Potassium hydroxide

氢氧化钾

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: P1767
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Mandibular Explant Assay for Investigating Extrinsic Stimuli on Bone and Cartilage Development
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Date:
2017-12-05
[Abstract]  A major issue in developmental biology is to determine how embryonic tissues respond to molecular signals in a timely manner and given the position-restricted instructions during morphogenesis, of which Meckel’s cartilage is a classical example. The ex-vivo explant model is a practical and convenient system that allows investigation of bone and cartilage responses to specific stimuli under a controlled manner that closely mimics the in vivo conditions. In this protocol, the explant model was applied to test whether Meckel’s cartilage and surrounding tissues are responsive to the Endothelin1 (Edn1) signaling molecule and whether it would rescue the phenotype of genetic mutations. The system allows a high degree of manipulation in terms of the concentrations of exogenous ... [摘要]  发育生物学中的一个主要问题是确定胚胎组织如何及时响应分子信号,并且在形态发生期间给予位置限制指示,其中Meckel软骨是一个经典的例子。 体外外植体模型是一种实用且便利的系统,其允许以受控的方式调查对特定刺激的骨和软骨反应,所述方式严格模拟体内条件。 在这个协议中,外植模型被用来测试Meckel的软骨和周围组织是否对内皮素1(Edn1)信号分子有反应,以及是否会拯救基因突变的表型。 该系统允许在添加到外植体中的外源性化合物的浓度,关于测量下颌骨发育的时间点以及施用外源分子和致畸剂的方法方面进行高度的操作。

【背景】颅面畸形是人类最常见的先天性出生缺陷(Miettinen等人,1999)。许多这些畸形发生在面部形态发生期间,这是一个复杂的多步骤过程,其中颅神经嵴细胞迁移到咽弓以产生许多面部结构(Jin等人,2011)。

特定基因内的两种变异以及基因 - 基因相互作用都可能导致颅面变形。 IRF6基因突变导致头面部外胚层和上皮细胞的形成,导致唇裂,腭裂和下颌畸形。与 IRF6 相比, TWIST1 基因调节胚胎发育期间的神经管闭合和颅骨发育期间的颅缝融合。 TWIST1 ...

Separation and Purification of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from Caenorhabditis elegans
Author:
Date:
2017-08-05
[Abstract]  The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a popular model organism for studies of developmental biology, neurology, ageing and other fields of basic research. Because many developmental processes are regulated by glycosaminoglyans (GAGs) on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix, methods to isolate and analyze C. elegans GAGs are needed. Such methods have previously been optimized for other species such as mice and zebrafish. After modifying existing purification protocols, we could recently show that the nematodes also produce chondroitin sulfate, in addition to heparan sulfate, thus challenging the view that only non-sulfated chondroitin was synthesized by C. elegans. We here present our protocol adapted for C. elegans. Since the purification ... [摘要]  线虫秀丽隐杆线虫是研究发育生物学,神经学,衰老等基础研究领域的流行模型生物。 因为许多发育过程由细胞表面和细胞外基质中的糖胺聚糖(GAG)调节,分离和分析C的方法。 线虫需要GAG。 此类方法先前已针对其他物种如小鼠和斑马鱼进行了优化。 在修改现有的纯化方案后,我们最近可以显示除了硫酸乙酰肝素外,线虫也产生硫酸软骨素,因此挑战了仅通过C合成非硫酸软骨素的观点。线虫。 我们在这里介绍我们适用于C的协议。线虫。 由于净化策略涉及非硫酸化和硫酸化GAG的分离,所以对于其他可能有利的方法也是有用的。
【背景】糖胺聚糖(GAG)是重复二糖单元的直链多糖链,其通常被硫酸根取代。除了透明质酸,其是在质膜上合成而不被锚定到任何蛋白质的非硫酸化GAG,所有其他GAG都与核心蛋白共价连接,从而形成蛋白聚糖(PG)。在PG上发现的最常见的GAG是硫酸乙酰肝素(HS)和硫酸软骨素(CS)/硫酸皮肤素,含有N-乙酰基 - 葡糖胺和N,N-乙酰基 - 半乳糖胺,分别(张,2010)。在高尔基隔室的生物合成过程中,它们是非模板驱动的过程,它们经过多种修饰,包括将葡萄糖醛酸差向异构化成艾杜糖醛酸,并在不同位置硫酸化(Bulow和Hobert,2006; ...

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Determination of Nitrite Concentrations in Arabidopsis thaliana and Azospirilum brasilense
Author:
Date:
2016-03-20
[Abstract]  There is now general agreement that nitric oxide (NO) is an important and almost ubiquitous signal in plants. Nevertheless, there are still many controversial observations and differing opinions on the importance and functions of NO in plants. Partly, this may be due to the difficulties in detecting and quantifying NO. Here, we summarize protocols for detecting NO and quantifying nitrite concentration in Arabidopsis seedlings. We also present a method to measure NO in biofilms formed by the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense (A. brasilense). NO in oxygen-containing aqueous solutions has a short half-life that is often attributed to a rapid oxidation to nitrite. Here we detail the use of the fluorescent probe DAF-FM DA and the ... [摘要]  现在普遍认为一氧化氮(NO)是植物中重要的和几乎普遍存在的信号。然而,对于植物中NO的重要性和功能仍有许多有争议的观察和不同的观点。部分地,这可能是由于检测中的困难以及甚至更多的在定量NO。在这里,我们总结了在拟南芥幼苗中检测NO和定量亚硝酸盐浓度的方案以及在由植物生长促进根瘤菌(Azospirillum brasilense)形成的生物膜中的NO实时测量( > A。brasilense )。含氧水溶液中的NO具有短的半衰期,其通常归因于快速氧化成亚硝酸盐。在这里我们详细的使用荧光探针DAF-FM DA和电化学方法分别直接检测和定量NO,Griess试剂通过其氧化的亚硝酸盐形式间接检测NO。这些方案可用于多种细胞类型和植物的不同组织以及微生物。

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